Table 2. Indigenous food sources used... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Indigenous food sources used for food security in SSA

Indigenous food sources	Description	Scholars
Indigenous crops	millet, sorghum, bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean), groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum) fonio (Digitaria exilis)	Oniang'o et al., 2004; Azam-Ali, 2007; Vorster et al., 2007; Shava et al., 2009; Vorster et al., 2009; Maroyi, 2011; Vall et al., 2011; Towns et al., 2013; Matsa and Mukoni, 2013; Chivinge et al., 2015; Cousins and Witkowski, 2015; van der Merwe et al., 2016; Oguntoyinb et al., 2016; Mubaiwa et al., 2017; Makondo and Thomas, 2018; Krause et al., 2019a, 2019b; Mabhaudhi et al., 2019; Akinola et al., 2020; Billong Fils et al., 2020; Coulibaly et al., 2020; Fongnzossie et al., 2020; Omotayo and Aremu, 2020a; Omotayo et al., 2020b; Bisi-Johnson et al., 2010
Indigenous fruits	Shea fruits (Vitellaria paradoxa), Uapaca kirkiana, Strychnos cocculoides, Strychnos spinose, Adansonia digitate, baobab (Adansonia digitata), Ziziphus mauritiana, tamarid (Tamarindus indica), kei-apple (Dovyalis caffra), Mimusops zeyheri	Mithofer and Waibel, 2003; Wynberg et al., 2003; Maranz et al., 2004; Nyanga et al., 2008; Jamnadass et al., 2011; van der Stege et al., 2011; Ibnouf, 2012; Stadlmayr et al., 2013; Hiwilepo-van Hal et al., 2014; Kiptot et al., 2014; Ayua et al., 2016; Oguntoyinb et al., 2016; Bvenura and Sivakumar, 2017; Ngadze et al., 2017; Achaglinkame et al., 2019; Avakoudjo et al., 2020; Chawafambira et al., 2020; Meinhold and Darr, 2020; Omotayo et al., 2020a
Edible insects	largely dominated by the orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Coleoptera	Illgner and Nel, 2000; Twine et al., 2003; Dzerefos and Witkowski, 2014; Kelemu et al., 2015; Niassy et al., 2016; Netshifhefhe et al., 2018; Sere et al., 2018; Coley et al., 2020
Vegetables	traditional leafy vegetables include wild and domesticated species	Shayanowako et al., 2021; Mwadzingeni et al., 2021; Mncwango et al., 2020; Aderibigbe et al., 2020; Maroyi, 2020; Krause et al., 2019a, 2019b; Mungofa et al., 2018; Bvenura and Sivakumar, 2017; Gogo et al., 2016; Mayekiso et al., 2017; Ayua et al., 2016; Oguntoyinb et al., 2016; Chipungahelo, 2015; Maroyi, 2013; Ibnouf, 2012; Mooketsi and Gestring, 2011; Masarirambi et al., 2010; Vorster Ineke et al., 2007; Vorster et al., 2007, 2009; Weinberger and Swai, 2006; Oniang'o et al., 2004; van Rensburg et al., 2004;
Herbs	Cleome gynandra, Corchorus tridens, Cucumis anguria, Cucumis metuliferus and Moringa oleifera	Shackleton, 2003; Twine et al., 2003; Dovie et al., 2007; Bisi-Johnson et al., 2010
Traditional beans	mainly morama bean (Tylosema esculentum), yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)	Holse et al., 2010; Faria et al., 2011; Mahgoub et al., 2013; Nnamani et al., 2017
Bulbs and tubers	yam (Ioscorea dumetorum), sweet potatoes, cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)	Bisi-Johnson et al., 2010
Mushrooms	various species of edible mushrooms	Fongnzossie et al., 2020
Pteridophytes	ferns, horsetails and lycophytes	Maroyi, 2014

Indigenous foodsources	Description	Scholars
Indigenous crops	millet, sorghum, bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean), groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum) fonio (Digitaria exilis)	Oniang'o et al., 2004; Azam-Ali, 2007; Vorster et al., 2007; Shava et al., 2009; Vorster et al., 2009; Maroyi, 2011; Vall et al., 2011; Towns et al., 2013; Matsa and Mukoni, 2013; Chivinge et al., 2015; Cousins and Witkowski, 2015; van der Merwe et al., 2016; Oguntoyinb et al., 2016; Mubaiwa et al., 2017; Makondo and Thomas, 2018; Krause et al., 2019a, 2019b; Mabhaudhi et al., 2019; Akinola et al., 2020; Billong Fils et al., 2020; Coulibaly et al., 2020; Fongnzossie et al., 2020; Omotayo and Aremu, 2020a; Omotayo et al., 2020b; Bisi-Johnson et al., 2010
Indigenous fruits	Shea fruits (Vitellaria paradoxa), Uapaca kirkiana, Strychnos cocculoides, Strychnos spinose, Adansonia digitate, baobab (Adansonia digitata), Ziziphus mauritiana, tamarid (Tamarindus indica), kei-apple (Dovyalis caffra), Mimusops zeyheri	Mithofer and Waibel, 2003; Wynberg et al., 2003; Maranz et al., 2004; Nyanga et al., 2008; Jamnadass et al., 2011; van der Stege et al., 2011; Ibnouf, 2012; Stadlmayr et al., 2013; Hiwilepo-van Hal et al., 2014; Kiptot et al., 2014; Ayua et al., 2016; Oguntoyinb et al., 2016; Bvenura and Sivakumar, 2017; Ngadze et al., 2017; Achaglinkame et al., 2019; Avakoudjo et al., 2020; Chawafambira et al., 2020; Meinhold and Darr, 2020; Omotayo et al., 2020a
Edible insects	largely dominated by the orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Coleoptera	Illgner and Nel, 2000; Twine et al., 2003; Dzerefos and Witkowski, 2014; Kelemu et al., 2015; Niassy et al., 2016; Netshifhefhe et al., 2018; Sere et al., 2018; Coley et al., 2020
Vegetables	traditional leafy vegetables include wild and domesticated species	Shayanowako et al., 2021; Mwadzingeni et al., 2021; Mncwango et al., 2020; Aderibigbe et al., 2020; Maroyi, 2020; Krause et al., 2019a, 2019b; Mungofa et al., 2018; Bvenura and Sivakumar, 2017; Gogo et al., 2016; Mayekiso et al., 2017; Ayua et al., 2016; Oguntoyinb et al., 2016; Chipungahelo, 2015; Maroyi, 2013; Ibnouf, 2012; Mooketsi and Gestring, 2011; Masarirambi et al., 2010; Vorster Ineke et al., 2007; Vorster et al., 2007, 2009; Weinberger and Swai, 2006; Oniang'o et al., 2004; van Rensburg et al., 2004;
Herbs	Cleome gynandra, Corchorus tridens, Cucumis anguria, Cucumis metuliferus and Moringa oleifera	Shackleton, 2003; Twine et al., 2003; Dovie et al., 2007; Bisi-Johnson et al., 2010
Traditional beans	mainly morama bean (Tylosema esculentum), yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)	Holse et al., 2010; Faria et al., 2011; Mahgoub et al., 2013; Nnamani et al., 2017
Bulbs and tubers	yam (Ioscorea dumetorum), sweet potatoes, cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)	Bisi-Johnson et al., 2010
Mushrooms	various species of edible mushrooms	Fongnzossie et al., 2020
Pteridophytes	ferns, horsetails and lycophytes	Maroyi, 2014