Proposed policy instruments for controlling climate change
| Standards, rules and regulations | There should be technological standards to determine the level of reduction in pollution There should be performance standards to specify the minimum level requirements to reduce carbon emissions and pollution |
| Taxes and tariff | There should be a levy imposed to prevent undesirable activities leading to climate change |
| Cap-and-trade | There should be a system to monitor marketable permits or cap-and-trade systems to limit aggregate emissions. In this way, it is required from each source to hold permits equal to its actual emissions and allow permits to be traded among sources |
| Voluntary rewards and penalties | There could be an agreement between authorities and one or more parties to achieve green objectives or to improve environmental performance beyond regulatory obligations. To improve the performance, there should be some rewards and/or penalties associated with joining or achieving environmental commitments |
| Aids and incentives | There may be some tax deductions, supports or aids from a government to an entity for implementing an environmental best practice or performing an action |
| Public disclosure | There should be public disclosure of environmentally related information. This could be generally from industry to consumers. For instance, labeling programs and rating and certification, etc. |
| Research and development | There should be an investment in R&D to generate innovation on mitigation to reduce emissions |
| Non-climate policies | Other policies not specifically directed at emissions reduction but that may have significant climate-related effects |
| Standards, rules and regulations | There should be technological standards to determine the level of reduction in pollution |
| Taxes and tariff | There should be a levy imposed to prevent undesirable activities leading to climate change |
| Cap-and-trade | There should be a system to monitor marketable permits or cap-and-trade systems to limit aggregate emissions. In this way, it is required from each source to hold permits equal to its actual emissions and allow permits to be traded among sources |
| Voluntary rewards and penalties | There could be an agreement between authorities and one or more parties to achieve green objectives or to improve environmental performance beyond regulatory obligations. To improve the performance, there should be some rewards and/or penalties associated with joining or achieving environmental commitments |
| Aids and incentives | There may be some tax deductions, supports or aids from a government to an entity for implementing an environmental best practice or performing an action |
| Public disclosure | There should be public disclosure of environmentally related information. This could be generally from industry to consumers. For instance, labeling programs and rating and certification, etc. |
| Research and development | There should be an investment in R&D to generate innovation on mitigation to reduce emissions |
| Non-climate policies | Other policies not specifically directed at emissions reduction but that may have significant climate-related effects |
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