Table 4.

Hypotheses tested and related outcomes

Hypothesis testedStandardized path
estimate (significance)		Outcome
H1. Willingness to avoid Covid-related wine tourism risks negatively affects future wine tourism intentions−0.386 (0.000)***Supported
H2. Covid phobia negatively impacts future wine tourism intentions0.192 (0.024)**Path direction not supported; small significant effect found
H3. Willingness to avoid Covid-related wine tourism risks mediates the relationship between Covid phobia and FUTWTINTs, producing a complementary mediationDirect effect
0.192 (0.024)**
Specific indirect effect
−0.303 (0.000)***		Path direction not supported; significant effect found
H4. Personal involvement with wine positively affects future wine tourism intentions0.279 (0.002)***Supported
H5. Acquired interest in wine during lockdowns positively affects future wine tourism intentions0.503 (0.000)***Supported
H6. Acquired interest in wine during lockdowns mediates the relationship between personal wine involvement and future wine tourism intentions, producing a complementary mediationDirect effect
0.279 (0.002)***
Specific indirect effect
0.403 (0.000)***		Supported
H7. A reduction of budget available to travel negatively impacts future wine tourism intentions0.102 (0.063)*Not supported
H8. A reduction of the time available to travel negatively impacts future wine tourism intentions−0.159 (0.004)***Supported

Notes:

Existing literature exploring travel intentions, including for wine tourism, underlined they can change based, among other things, on socio-demographic factors like gender and age (Li et al., 2019a; Chew and Jahari, 2014; Bruwer and Huang, 2012). Therefore, we have also estimated the model with age and gender as control variables on endogenous constructs in the model, with similar results ( Appendix 3)

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