Table 1

Summary of resistance factors (Aashto, 2012)

Analysis methodResistance factor (φ) for β = 2·33
SPT-Meyerhof0·30
Nordlund0·45
Driven0·45 for cohesionless soil
β-method0·25
Capwap0·65
Weap0·50
Structural capacity0·60

β, reliability index of 2·33 for a redundant pile group

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