Table III.

Constructs, items and selected variables to measure stakeholder pressure and the financial performance of the firms contained in the sample

Construct: STSTVariable description
ST1Degree to which the company must reduce its environmental impact to comply with regulations in the short termLikert scale from 0 to 5
ST2Level of social pressure on the company to reduce its environmental impactLikert scale from 0 to 5
VariableFP 
FP1Return on equityMin = −5.508; Max = 0.779
FP2Return on salesMin = −0.751; Max = 5.000
FP3Return on assetsMin = −1.502; Max = 0.491
VariableFP 
S1Number of employeesMin = 50; Max = 14,106
S2Total revenues (thousand euros)Min = 3,952.41; Max = 8,597,300
S3Total assets (thousand euros)Min = 1,362.61; Max = 48,300,000

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