Fault simulators used in previous research studies
| Author(s) | Fault type | Dip angle: ° | Actuating system | g-level | Soil type | Specific features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roth et al. (1981) | Dip–slip (reverse) | 45° | Toggle hydraulic | 50 | Loose sand, dense sand, remoulded cohesive soil | g-level effect, rate of fault displacement |
| Cole and Lade (1984) Lade et al. (1984) | Dip–slip (both) | 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 | Horizontal and vertical screw jacks | 1 | Dense sand, loose sand, mixture of sand and styrofoam beads | Rupture propagation, influence zone, multiple failure surfaces |
| Tani et al. (1994) Ueta and Tani (1999) | Dip–slip (reverse) | 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 | Hydraulic | 1 | Dense silica sand (d50 = 0·17 mm, 1·3 mm) | Effects of dip angle, soil depth and particle size |
| Stone and Brown (1993) White et al. (1994) | Dip–slip (both) | 90 | Hydraulic | 75, 150 | Silica sand (d50 = 0·25 mm, 0·5 mm; Dr. = 90%) | Particle-size effect |
| Miyajima et al. (2003) | Dip–slip (reverse) | 90 | Mechanical (table lift) | 1 | Silica sand (d50 = 0·34; Dr. = 20%, 80%) | Behaviour of buried pipe |
| Lee et al. (2003) Lee and Hamada (2005) | Dip–slip (both) | 30, 45, 60 | Mechanical (jack) | 1 | Silica sand (d50 = 0·24 mm; Dr. = 59 ± 4%, 83 ± 4%) | Surface rupture and influence zone |
| Lee et al. (2003) Lee and Hamada (2005) | Dip–slip (reverse) | 45 | Hydraulic | 30, 50 | Silica sand (d50 = 0·157 mm; Dr. = 74 ± 6·5%) | Surface rupture and influence zone |
| El Nahas et al. (2006) Anastasopoulos et al. (2007) | Dip–slip (both) | 60 | Hydraulic | 100, 115 | Silica sand (d50 = 0·24 mm, Dr. = 59 ± 4%) | Rupture propagation, behaviour of raft |
| Ha et al. (2006) Ha et al.(2008) | Strike-slip | 90 | Hydraulic | 150 | Silica sand (d50 = 0·3 mm) | Behaviour of buried pipe |
| Lin et al. (2006) Lin et al. (2007) | Dip–slip (reverse) | 50, 60 | Mechanical (jack) | 1 | Sand (Dr. = 55%) | Ground deformation, behaviour of tunnel |
| Chang et al. (2013) Baziar et al. (2014) | Dip–slip (reverse) | 60 | Mechanical (jack) | 1, 40, 80 | Sand (Dr. = 50%, 70%) | g-level, rupture propagation, ground deformation and behaviour of tunnel |
| Ng et al. (2012) Cai and Ng (2014) | Dip–slip (normal) | 70 | Hydraulic | 100 | Clay (d50 = 32 μm) | Rupture propagation, ground deformation |
| Dip–slip | 45° | Toggle hydraulic | 50 | Loose sand, dense sand, remoulded cohesive soil | ||
| Dip–slip | 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 | Horizontal and vertical screw jacks | 1 | Dense sand, loose sand, mixture of sand and styrofoam beads | Rupture propagation, influence zone, multiple failure surfaces | |
| Dip–slip (reverse) | 15, 30, | Hydraulic | 1 | Dense silica sand ( | Effects of dip angle, soil depth and particle size | |
| Dip–slip (both) | 90 | Hydraulic | 75, 150 | Silica sand ( | Particle-size effect | |
| Dip–slip (reverse) | 90 | Mechanical (table lift) | 1 | Silica sand ( | Behaviour of buried pipe | |
| Dip–slip | 30, 45, 60 | Mechanical (jack) | 1 | Silica sand ( | Surface rupture and influence zone | |
| Dip–slip | 45 | Hydraulic | 30, 50 | Silica sand ( | Surface rupture and influence zone | |
| Dip–slip | 60 | Hydraulic | 100, 115 | Silica sand ( | Rupture propagation, behaviour of raft | |
| Strike-slip | 90 | Hydraulic | 150 | Silica sand ( | Behaviour of buried pipe | |
| Dip–slip (reverse) | 50, 60 | Mechanical (jack) | 1 | Sand (Dr. = 55%) | Ground deformation, behaviour of tunnel | |
| Dip–slip (reverse) | 60 | Mechanical (jack) | 1, 40, 80 | Sand (Dr. = 50%, 70%) | ||
| Dip–slip | 70 | Hydraulic | 100 | Clay ( | Rupture propagation, ground deformation |
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.