Summary of the material parameters used in the finite element analyses
| Material | γ: kN/m3 | c′: kPa | φ ′: ° | E: MPa | v | C c | M | e 0 | k w × 10−4: m/d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embankment | 18·5 | 3 | 35 | 20 | 0·3 | — | — | — | — |
| Pile | 23·5 | — | — | 20 000 | 0·2 | — | — | — | — |
| Subsoil | 17·0 | — | 26 | — | 0·3 | 0·3, 0·7 or 1·5 | 1·027 | 1·79 | 4·32 |
| Geogrid | Tensile stiffness J = 0, 0·2, 0·5, 1·5 and 3·0 MN/m for each layer of the three-layer geogrid model, and 3J for the single-layer geogrid model, v = 0 | ||||||||
| Material | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embankment | 18·5 | 3 | 35 | 20 | 0·3 | — | — | — | — |
| Pile | 23·5 | — | — | 20 000 | 0·2 | — | — | — | — |
| Subsoil | 17·0 | — | 26 | — | 0·3 | 0·3, 0·7 or 1·5 | 1·027 | 1·79 | 4·32 |
| Geogrid | Tensile stiffness | ||||||||
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