Table A4 Study descriptions Study...

Table A4

Study descriptions

Study	Country†	Study design ‡	Sample size (I,C) §	Population characteristics	Randomization	Program focus	Program format	Control group	Program delivery during working hours	Study period	Follow-up in months	Attrition rates for last post-treatment follow-up	Employer-related outcomes	Direction of economic outcome^¶
Audrey et al. (2015)	GB	RCT	187 (I:100, C: 87)	Predominantly employees in sedentary (desk-based) occupations	Worksite level	Promote physical activity	4 contacts: walk to work intervention	NR	NR	12	9	27% (intervention) 32% (control)	Self-reported Absenteeism Self-reported productivity	Absenteeism: o Productivity: o
Hartfiel et al. (2017)	GB	RCT	151 (I: 76, C: 75)	NHS employees	Individual level	Promote physical activity	Self-help education materials weekly contacts: group training	Reduced intervention	No	6	4	54%	Absenteeism	Absenteeism: + ROI: +
Hengel et al. (2014)	NL	RCT	293 (I:171, C: 122)	Male construction workers	Department level	Promote physical activity and health literacy	Self-help education materials 4 contacts: individual and group training	No intervention	Yes	12	6	12% (cost measures) 35% (effect measures)	Absenteeism: company registration systems Self-reported Workability: Work ability index Presenteeism: WHO-HPQ	Absenteeism: ++ Productivity: o ROI: ++
Hunter et al. (2019)	GB	RCT	863 (I: 457, C: 396	Office workers near Belfast or Lisburn city centers	Worksite level	Promote physical activity and loyalty	App-based financial incentive system to increase physical activity	No intervention	Yes	6	6	26% (intervention: 26%; control: 26%)	Absenteeism and presenteeism were measured with the self-reported WHO-HPQ	Absenteeism: o Productivity: o Net-cost: +
Mc Eachan et al. (2011)	GB	RCT	1,274 (I: 606, C: 668)	All employees without predetermined medical indications	Worksite level	Promote physical activity	Self-help education materials weekly contacts: group activities	Reduced intervention	Yes	12	9	37% (intervention) 30% (control)	Self-reported Absenteeism	ROI: - Absenteeism: +
Nurminen et al. (2002)	FI	RCT	260 (I: 133, C: 127)	Women workers	Individual level	Promote physical activity	1 contact: individual counseling weekly contacts: group training 2 post-intervention reinforcement group sessions	NR	Yes	15	7	10%	Absenteeism: company administrative records Self-reported workability: Work ability index (including self-reported sick leaves) + modified version of Nordic questionnaire Job satisfaction: modified version of Nordic questionnaire including job satisfaction	Productivity: + Job satisfaction: o
Proper et al. (2004)	NL	RCT	299 (I: 131, C: 168)	Civil servants	Department level	Promote physical activity and healthy nutrition	7 contacts: individual counseling	No intervention	Yes	21	12	5% (intervention) 28% (control)	Absenteeism: company administrative records	Absenteeism: + ROI: o/-
Strijk et al. (2013)	NL	RCT	730 (I: 367, C: 366)	Older hospital workers (45 years or older)	Individual level	Promote physical activity and healthy nutrition	Self-help education materials 3 contacts: individual counseling weekly contacts: individual and group training free fruit	Reduced intervention (self-help education materials)	No	12	6	32% (effect measures) 47% (cost measures)	Self-reported Absenteeism Self-reported productivity	Absenteeism: o Productivity: o
van Dongen et al. (2013)	NL	RCT	730 (I:367, C: 363)	Older hospital workers (45 years or older)	Individual level	Promote physical activity and healthy nutrition	Self-help education materials 3 contacts: individual counseling weekly contacts: individual and group training free fruit	Reduced intervention	No	12	6	32% (effect measures) 47% (cost measures)	self-reported absenteeism: Productivity disease Questionnaire PRODISQ Self-reported presenteeism: WHO-HPQ	ROI: - Productivity: o
van Dongen et al. (2017)	NL	RCT multiple treatment arms	412 (I: 306, C: 106)	Office employees	Department level	Promote physical activity	Social intervention 3 contacts: group activities physical intervention: physical facilities	No intervention	Yes	12	10.5	20%	Absenteeism: company administrative records Presenteeism: WHO HPQ Job satisfaction: Netherlands Working conditions survey	ROI: -- Productivity: o Job satisfaction: o
von Thiele Schwarz and Hasson (2012)	SE	Quasi-experimental multiple treatment arms	233.7 (I: 160.8, C: 81.9)	Dental health employees	N.A.	Promote physical activity	weekly contacts: group training	No intervention	Yes	12	No	NR	Absenteeism: company administrative records Productivity: self-reported absence due to ill-health	Absenteeism: + Productivity: ++

Study	Country†	Study design ‡	Sample size (I,C) §	Population characteristics	Randomization	Program focus	Program format	Control group	Program delivery during working hours	Study period	Follow-up in months	Attrition rates for last post-treatment follow-up	Employer-related outcomes	Direction of economic outcome^¶
Audrey et al. (2015)	GB	RCT	187(I:100, C: 87)	Predominantly employees in sedentary (desk-based) occupations	Worksite level	Promote physical activity	4 contacts: walk to work intervention	NR	NR	12	9	27% (intervention) 32% (control)	Self-reported AbsenteeismSelf-reported productivity	Absenteeism: oProductivity: o
Hartfiel et al. (2017)	GB	RCT	151(I: 76, C: 75)	NHS employees	Individual level	Promote physical activity	Self-help education materialsweekly contacts: group training	Reduced intervention	No	6	4	54%	Absenteeism	Absenteeism: +ROI: +
Hengel et al. (2014)	NL	RCT	293 (I:171, C: 122)	Male construction workers	Department level	Promote physical activity and health literacy	Self-help education materials4 contacts: individual and group training	No intervention	Yes	12	6	12% (cost measures) 35% (effect measures)	Absenteeism: company registration systemsSelf-reported Workability: Work ability indexPresenteeism: WHO-HPQ	Absenteeism: ++Productivity: oROI: ++
Hunter et al. (2019)	GB	RCT	863 (I: 457, C: 396	Office workers near Belfast or Lisburn city centers	Worksite level	Promote physical activity and loyalty	App-based financial incentive system to increase physical activity	No intervention	Yes	6	6	26% (intervention: 26%; control: 26%)	Absenteeism and presenteeism were measured with theself-reported WHO-HPQ	Absenteeism: oProductivity: oNet-cost: +
Mc Eachan et al. (2011)	GB	RCT	1,274(I: 606, C: 668)	All employees without predetermined medical indications	Worksite level	Promote physical activity	Self-help education materials weekly contacts: group activities	Reduced intervention	Yes	12	9	37% (intervention)30% (control)	Self-reported Absenteeism	ROI: -Absenteeism: +
Nurminen et al. (2002)	FI	RCT	260(I: 133, C: 127)	Women workers	Individual level	Promote physical activity	1 contact: individual counselingweekly contacts: group training2 post-intervention reinforcement group sessions	NR	Yes	15	7	10%	Absenteeism: company administrative recordsSelf-reported workability: Work ability index (including self-reported sick leaves) + modified version of Nordic questionnaireJob satisfaction: modified version of Nordic questionnaire including job satisfaction	Productivity: +Job satisfaction: o
Proper et al. (2004)	NL	RCT	299(I: 131, C: 168)	Civil servants	Department level	Promote physical activity and healthy nutrition	7 contacts: individual counseling	No intervention	Yes	21	12	5% (intervention) 28% (control)	Absenteeism: company administrative records	Absenteeism: +ROI: o/-
Strijk et al. (2013)	NL	RCT	730(I: 367, C: 366)	Older hospital workers (45 years or older)	Individual level	Promote physical activity and healthy nutrition	Self-help education materials3 contacts: individual counselingweekly contacts: individual and group trainingfree fruit	Reduced intervention (self-help education materials)	No	12	6	32% (effect measures) 47% (cost measures)	Self-reported AbsenteeismSelf-reported productivity	Absenteeism: oProductivity: o
van Dongen et al. (2013)	NL	RCT	730(I:367, C: 363)	Older hospital workers (45 years or older)	Individual level	Promote physical activity and healthy nutrition	Self-help education materials3 contacts: individual counselingweekly contacts: individual and group trainingfree fruit	Reduced intervention	No	12	6	32% (effect measures) 47% (cost measures)	self-reported absenteeism: Productivity disease Questionnaire PRODISQSelf-reported presenteeism: WHO-HPQ	ROI: -Productivity: o
van Dongen et al. (2017)	NL	RCTmultiple treatment arms	412(I: 306, C: 106)	Office employees	Department level	Promote physical activity	Social intervention3 contacts: group activitiesphysical intervention: physical facilities	No intervention	Yes	12	10.5	20%	Absenteeism: company administrative recordsPresenteeism: WHO HPQJob satisfaction: Netherlands Working conditions survey	ROI: --Productivity: oJob satisfaction: o
von Thiele Schwarz and Hasson (2012)	SE	Quasi-experimental multiple treatment arms	233.7(I: 160.8, C: 81.9)	Dental health employees	N.A.	Promote physical activity	weekly contacts: group training	No intervention	Yes	12	No	NR	Absenteeism: company administrative recordsProductivity: self-reported absence due to ill-health	Absenteeism: +Productivity: ++

Note(s): † GB: Great Britain, NL: Netherlands, FI: Finland, SE: Sweden; ‡ RCT: Randomized controlled trial; §I: Intervention group, C: Control group; NR: Not reported; ¶ ++: strong positive economic outcome, +: positive economic outcome, o: neutral economic outcome, -: negative economic outcome, --: strong negative outcome

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