Table 3

Structural elements and material parameters

Structural elementElement typeModel typeUnit weight, γ: kN/m3Elasticity modulus, E: kN/m2Poisson’s ratio, ν
Segment (35 cm)Three-dimensional solidIsotropic–elastic25.030.00 × 1060.15
Grout (20 cm)Two-dimensional plane strainIsotropic–elastic22.510.00 × 1060.30
TBMTwo-dimensional plane strainIsotropic–elastic78.025.00 × 1070.20
Shotcrete (15 cm)Two-dimensional plane strainIsotropic–elastic24.030.00 × 1060.18
Rock bolt (Ø28)One-dimensional embedded trussIsotropic–elastic78.021.00 × 1070.15

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