Table1 Coping strategy classification... | Emerald Publishing

Table1

Coping strategy classification for studying the influence of expatriates' age, gender, and initiation of expatriation*

Coping dimensions	Coping subdimensions	Coping strategies	Item examples	Cronbach's alphas
Problem-focused Coping Strategies		Active coping: problem-solving action	I take additional action to solve the problem	0.73
		Planning: development of plans or strategies	I think hard about what steps to take	0.80
		Restraint: waiting before acting too quickly	I make sure not to make matters worse by acting too soon	3-item scale used in the study: 0.61
		Suppression of competing activities: a focus on the problem and avoidance of distraction	I keep myself from getting distracted by other thoughts or activities	3-item scale used in the study: 0.70
Expressive Support-seeking Coping Strategies		Focus on and venting of emotions: emphasis on and expression of emotions	I let my feelings out	0.79
		Use of emotional social support: seeking of understanding and empathy for one's feelings	I talk to someone about how I feel	0.86
		Use of instrumental social support: seeking of help, advice, and information from others	I try to get advice from someone about what to do	0.78
Emotion-focused Coping Strategies	Engagement	Acceptance: psychological accommodation to the situation and the process of learning to live with it	I learn to live with it	0.69
		Humor: consideration of and focus on the funny side of the situation	I laugh about the situation	0.87
		Positive reinterpretation and growth: reappraisal and re-evaluation of the situation to see its good side; infusion of the situation with positive meaning	I look for something good in what is happening	0.69
	Disengagement	Behavioral disengagement: termination or limitation of efforts to solve the problem	I just give up trying to reach my goal	0.67
		Denial: attempt to forget or deny a problem	I pretend that it has not truly happened	3-item scale used in the study: 0.72
		Mental disengagement: attempt to remove the attention from the source of stress	I daydream about things other than this	0.47
		Substance use: consumption of alcohol or drugs	I use alcohol or drugs to help me get through it	0.94

Coping dimensions	Coping subdimensions	Coping strategies	Item examples	Cronbach's alphas
Problem-focused Coping Strategies		Active coping: problem-solving action	I take additional action to solve the problem	0.73
		Planning: development of plans or strategies	I think hard about what steps to take	0.80
		Restraint: waiting before acting too quickly	I make sure not to make matters worse by acting too soon	3-item scale used in the study: 0.61
		Suppression of competing activities: a focus on the problem and avoidance of distraction	I keep myself from getting distracted by other thoughts or activities	3-item scale used in the study: 0.70
Expressive Support-seeking Coping Strategies		Focus on and venting of emotions: emphasis on and expression of emotions	I let my feelings out	0.79
		Use of emotional social support: seeking of understanding and empathy for one's feelings	I talk to someone about how I feel	0.86
		Use of instrumental social support: seeking of help, advice, and information from others	I try to get advice from someone about what to do	0.78
Emotion-focused Coping Strategies	Engagement	Acceptance: psychological accommodation to the situation and the process of learning to live with it	I learn to live with it	0.69
		Humor: consideration of and focus on the funny side of the situation	I laugh about the situation	0.87
		Positive reinterpretation and growth: reappraisal and re-evaluation of the situation to see its good side; infusion of the situation with positive meaning	I look for something good in what is happening	0.69
	Disengagement	Behavioral disengagement: termination or limitation of efforts to solve the problem	I just give up trying to reach my goal	0.67
		Denial: attempt to forget or deny a problem	I pretend that it has not truly happened	3-item scale used in the study: 0.72
		Mental disengagement: attempt to remove the attention from the source of stress	I daydream about things other than this	0.47
		Substance use: consumption of alcohol or drugs	I use alcohol or drugs to help me get through it	0.94

Note(s): *Coping strategies from Carver and colleagues (e.g. Brissette et al., 2002)