Table 2. Historic evolution of the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Historic evolution of the international franchising research from 1970 to 2018

1970s-1980s	1990s	2000-2010	2011-2018
• Franchising as a strategy to enter world markets Vaughn (1974) • The motivation of IF franchisors for doing international franchise (Hackett, 1976) • Socioeconomic consequences of franchise distribution systems Hunt (1972) • Expansion of multinational franchising Grub (1972) • Problems and procedures in IF involving establishing international franchise operations Walker and Etzel (1973)	• Differences among franchisors in the internationalization process McIntyre and Huszagh (1995) • Entry mode and IF and ownership strategy in target markets Contractor and Kundu (1998a, 1998b) and Fladmoe-Lindquist and Jacque (1995) • Determinants of IF based on different franchisors • Capabilities of franchisors needed to succeed Fladmoe-Lindquist (1996) • Control, support and monitoring capabilities in international franchise networks Fladmoe-Lindquist and Jacque (1995) and Quinn (1999)	• Franchisee selection and recruitment Altinay and Miles (2006), Altinay and Wang (2006) and Doherty (2009) • Market selection: environmental or institutional factors of target markets that affect IF decisions, the cultural distance between franchisors and franchisees Alexander et al. (2007) and Doherty, (2009) • Learning organization: how firms maintain their competitive advantage by creating, developing, perfecting, disseminating and improving knowledge; what type of knowledge contributes to the success of franchise systems and IF exploratory and exploitative learning (Altinay, 2004; Dev et al. (2007), Dunning et al. (2007) and Wang and Altinay (2008) • Relationship between franchisors and franchisees: control and support between franchisors and their franchise network Quinn and Doherty (2000) • Contracting mode differences based on the characteristics of target markets, strategy, franchisors and franchisees Pak, (2002) and Chen and Dimou (2005)	• Internal and external factors in IF decisions: organizational factors and characteristics of target markets that affect internationalization decisions Aliouche and Schlentrich (2011) and Alon et al. (2012) • Governance mechanisms and capabilities in the franchise relationship, entrepreneurial alliances, trust and reciprocity, Calderon-Monge and Pastor-Sanz (2017), Madanoglu (2018) and Ghantous et al. (2018) • Franchise performance: how environmental orientation in the franchise relationship influences performance. Kim and Stepchenkova (2018) and the relationship between internationalization and financial performance Lee et al. (2014) and Lee et al. (2014) • Multinational franchise decision to expand into new markets (Fakos and Merino, 2017; Baena (2018) and Madanoglu et al. (2017) • Franchise brand perceptions and awareness Dant et al. (2016) and Jeon et al. (2016)

1970s-1980s	1990s	2000-2010	2011-2018
• Franchising as a strategy to enter world markets Vaughn (1974)• The motivation of IF franchisors for doing international franchise (Hackett, 1976)• Socioeconomic consequences of franchise distribution systems Hunt (1972)• Expansion of multinational franchising Grub (1972)• Problems and procedures in IF involving establishing international franchise operations Walker and Etzel (1973)	• Differences among franchisors in the internationalization process McIntyre and Huszagh (1995)• Entry mode and IF and ownership strategy in target markets Contractor and Kundu (1998a, 1998b) and Fladmoe-Lindquist and Jacque (1995)• Determinants of IF based on different franchisors• Capabilities of franchisors needed to succeed Fladmoe-Lindquist (1996)• Control, support and monitoring capabilities in international franchise networks Fladmoe-Lindquist and Jacque (1995) and Quinn (1999)	• Franchisee selection and recruitment Altinay and Miles (2006), Altinay and Wang (2006) and Doherty (2009)• Market selection: environmental or institutional factors of target markets that affect IF decisions, the cultural distance between franchisors and franchisees Alexander et al. (2007) and Doherty, (2009)• Learning organization: how firms maintain their competitive advantage by creating, developing, perfecting, disseminating and improving knowledge; what type of knowledge contributes to the success of franchise systems and IF exploratory and exploitative learning (Altinay, 2004; Dev et al. (2007), Dunning et al. (2007) and Wang and Altinay (2008)• Relationship between franchisors and franchisees: control and support between franchisors and their franchise network Quinn and Doherty (2000)• Contracting mode differences based on the characteristics of target markets, strategy, franchisors and franchisees Pak, (2002) and Chen and Dimou (2005)	• Internal and external factors in IF decisions: organizational factors and characteristics of target markets that affect internationalization decisions Aliouche and Schlentrich (2011) and Alon et al. (2012)• Governance mechanisms and capabilities in the franchise relationship, entrepreneurial alliances, trust and reciprocity, Calderon-Monge and Pastor-Sanz (2017), Madanoglu (2018) and Ghantous et al. (2018)• Franchise performance: how environmental orientation in the franchise relationship influences performance. Kim and Stepchenkova (2018) and the relationship between internationalization and financial performance Lee et al. (2014) and Lee et al. (2014)• Multinational franchise decision to expand into new markets (Fakos and Merino, 2017; Baena (2018) and Madanoglu et al. (2017)• Franchise brand perceptions and awareness Dant et al. (2016) and Jeon et al. (2016)