Table 8. Main constructs of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 8.

Main constructs of international franchising

IF construct	IB theories	Operationalization	Authors
Franchise resources and capabilities (ownership)	Resource-based view, organizational capabilities, agency theory, upper echelons theory and signaling theory	Franchise experience, years franchising, market knowledge, firm’s or manager’s international business experience Franchisor-franchisee relationship and trust Franchisor network in the host market Financial resources and capital franchise fee, franchise investment and royalty level Know-how Brand value, awareness and reputation	Fladmoe-Lindquist (1996), Shane (1996a), Chen and Dimou (2005), Altinay and Wang (2006), Doherty (2007, 2009), Mariz-Pérez and García-Álvarez (2009), Alon et al. (2012), Ghantous et al. (2018), Dant et al. (2016) and Baena (2018)
Political and socio-economic environments (location)	Institutional theory, transaction cost economics, cultural theory and agency theory	Regulatory climate Political climate Infrastructure Corruption Economic climate GDP per capita Industry (dummies)	Alon and Banai (2000), Sashi and Prasad Karuppur (2002), Jell-Ojobor and Windsperger (2017), Baena (2015), Hoffman et al. (2016) and Madanoglu et al. (2017)
International franchise strategic decisions (internalization)	Resource-based view, organizational capabilities theory and OLI paradigm transaction cost economics	International market entry decision and partner selection Franchise format: master franchising, multi-unit franchising, franchised or company-owned operations and management contracts Market adaptation/standardization Advertising investment Contractual arrangements Control and monitoring format International franchise and governance modes	Dunning et al. (2007), Doherty (2007), Dev et al. (2007), Aliouche and Schlentrich (2011), Kruesi and Zámborský (2016), Kruesi et al. (2017) and Baena (2018)
International franchise performance	Dynamic capabilities, agency theory resource-based view	Financial performance Financial health Level of profits	Lee et al. (2014), Calderon-Monge and Pastor-Sanz (2017) and Ghantous et al. (2018)

IF construct	IB theories	Operationalization	Authors
Franchise resources and capabilities(ownership)	Resource-based view, organizational capabilities, agency theory, upper echelons theory and signaling theory	Franchise experience, years franchising, market knowledge, firm’s or manager’s international business experienceFranchisor-franchisee relationship and trustFranchisor network in the host marketFinancial resources and capital franchise fee, franchise investment and royalty levelKnow-howBrand value, awareness and reputation	Fladmoe-Lindquist (1996), Shane (1996a), Chen and Dimou (2005), Altinay and Wang (2006), Doherty (2007, 2009), Mariz-Pérez and García-Álvarez (2009), Alon et al. (2012), Ghantous et al. (2018), Dant et al. (2016) and Baena (2018)
Political and socio-economic environments(location)	Institutional theory, transaction cost economics, cultural theory and agency theory	Regulatory climatePolitical climateInfrastructureCorruptionEconomic climateGDP per capitaIndustry (dummies)	Alon and Banai (2000), Sashi and Prasad Karuppur (2002), Jell-Ojobor and Windsperger (2017), Baena (2015), Hoffman et al. (2016) and Madanoglu et al. (2017)
International franchise strategic decisions(internalization)	Resource-based view, organizational capabilities theory and OLI paradigm transaction cost economics	International market entry decision and partner selectionFranchise format: master franchising, multi-unit franchising, franchised or company-owned operations and management contractsMarket adaptation/standardizationAdvertising investmentContractual arrangementsControl and monitoring formatInternational franchise and governance modes	Dunning et al. (2007), Doherty (2007), Dev et al. (2007), Aliouche and Schlentrich (2011), Kruesi and Zámborský (2016), Kruesi et al. (2017) and Baena (2018)
International franchise performance	Dynamic capabilities, agency theory resource-based view	Financial performanceFinancial healthLevel of profits	Lee et al. (2014), Calderon-Monge and Pastor-Sanz (2017) and Ghantous et al. (2018)