Trustworthiness
| Criteria | Purpose | Original strategies | Strategies applied in this study to achieve trustworthiness |
|---|---|---|---|
| Credibility | To show that the research process was done with integrity and the final results of the study can be trusted | Prolonged engagement | Prolonged engagement |
| Persistent observation | Persistent observation | ||
| Triangulation | (See confirmability below) | ||
| Peer debriefing | Debriefing | ||
| Negative case analysis | Not applicable | ||
| Referential adequacy | Collection of referential adequacy materials | ||
| Member checks (process and terminal) | (See dependability below) | ||
| Dependability | To show that the research was sound in all ramifications and the outcome will be similar should it be repeated | Use of “overlapping methods” (triangulation) | Rich description |
| “Stepwise replication” (splitting data and duplicating the analysis) | Member checks (process, not terminal) | ||
| “Inquiry audit” or audit trail | Not applicable | ||
| Confirmability | To show confidence in the fact that the research findings are based on data generated and are verifiable | Triangulation | Triangulation |
| Reflexivity | Reflexivity | ||
| Audit trail | Not applicable | ||
| Transferability | To show that findings from the study can be transferred to other contexts or settings | Thick description is essential for “someone interested” to transfer the original findings to another context, or individuals | Sampling techniques |
| Saturation |
| Criteria | Purpose | Original strategies | Strategies applied in this study to achieve trustworthiness |
|---|---|---|---|
| Credibility | To show that the research process was done with integrity and the final results of the study can be trusted | Prolonged engagement | Prolonged engagement |
| Persistent observation | Persistent observation | ||
| Triangulation | |||
| Peer debriefing | Debriefing | ||
| Negative case analysis | Not applicable | ||
| Referential adequacy | Collection of referential adequacy materials | ||
| Member checks (process and terminal) | (See dependability below) | ||
| Dependability | To show that the research was sound in all ramifications and the outcome will be similar should it be repeated | Use of “overlapping methods” (triangulation) | Rich description |
| “Stepwise replication” (splitting data and duplicating the analysis) | Member checks (process, not terminal) | ||
| “Inquiry audit” or audit trail | Not applicable | ||
| Confirmability | To show confidence in the fact that the research findings are based on data generated and are verifiable | Triangulation | Triangulation |
| Reflexivity | Reflexivity | ||
| Audit trail | Not applicable | ||
| Transferability | To show that findings from the study can be transferred to other contexts or settings | Thick description is essential for “someone interested” to transfer the original findings to another context, or individuals | Sampling techniques |
| Saturation |
Source(s): (adapted based on Guba and Lincoln, 1989)
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