The work characteristics
| Work characteristics | Total (n = 331) n (%) | MSDs1 (n = 271) n (%) | p value | Sick leave (n = 71) n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work shift – Night shift | 73 (22.1) | 62 (22.9) | 0.44 | 12 (16.9) | 0.24 |
| Part-time jobs – Yes | 14 (4.2) | 13 (4.8) | 0.28 | 8 (11.3) | <0.01* |
| Work subgroups | 0.05 | 0.17 | |||
| IPD | 112 (33.8) | 97 (35.8) | 21 (29.6) | ||
| OPD | 48 (14.5) | 35 (12.9) | 8 (11.3) | ||
| Cleaning at height | 44 (13.3) | 39 (14.4) | 6 (8.5) | ||
| Office/dormitory | 104 (31.4) | 79 (29.2) | 30 (42.3) | ||
| Garbage disposal/logistics | 23 (6.9) | 21 (7.7) | 6 (8.5) | ||
| Mopping posture (forward bend) | 0.02* | 0.78 | |||
| Almost neutral | 100 (30.2) | 73 (26.9) | 19 (26.8) | ||
| Moderate | 163 (49.2) | 141 (52.0) | 37 (52.1) | ||
| Excessive | 68 (20.6) | 57 (21.0) | 15 (21.1) | ||
| Back position (flex/twist/side bend) – excessive | 100 (30.2) | 82 (30.3) | 0.89 | 19 (26.8) | 0.77 |
| Back movement (flex/twist/side bend)–very frequent | 38 (11.5) | 31 (11.4) | 0.98 | 9 (12.7) | 0.85 |
| Hand position – at or above shoulder height | 31 (9.4) | 27 (10.0) | 0.60 | 5 (8.5) | 0.49 |
| Hand movement (times per minute) – >20 | 34 (10.3) | 29 (10.7) | 0.70 | 9 (12.7) | 0.58 |
| Shoulder/arm movement – very frequent | 38 (11.4) | 29 (10.7) | 0.49 | 3 (4.2) | 0.05 |
| Maximum weight handled manually –heavy (≥11 kg) | 77 (23.3) | 59 (21.8) | 0.11 | 20 (28.2) | 0.21 |
| Maximum force exerted by one hand – high (>4 kg) | 51 (15.4) | 41 (15.1) | 0.95 | 13 (18.3) | 0.73 |
| Vibrating tools use (hours per day) – >4 | 11 (3.3) | 11 (4.1) | 0.27 | 3 (4.2) | 0.44 |
| Head/neck bent or twisted – continuously | 50 (15.1) | 42 (15.5) | 0.67 | 8 (11.3) | 0.31 |
| Task duration | 0.02* | 0.19 | |||
| <2 h | 105 (31.7) | 77 (28.4) | 19 (26.8) | ||
| 2–4 h | 179 (54.1) | 152 (56.1) | 45 (63.4) | ||
| >4 h | 47 (14.2) | 42 (15.5) | 7 (9.9) | ||
| Visual demand – high | 224 (67.7) | 185 (68.3) | 0.63 | 52 (73.2) | 0.26 |
| Difficulty keeping up with tasks – often | 16 (4.8) | 15 (5.5) | 0.36 | 5 (7.0) | 0.05 |
| Work characteristics | Total ( | MSDs1 ( | Sick leave ( | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work shift – Night shift | 73 (22.1) | 62 (22.9) | 0.44 | 12 (16.9) | 0.24 |
| Part-time jobs – Yes | 14 (4.2) | 13 (4.8) | 0.28 | 8 (11.3) | <0.01* |
| Work subgroups | 0.05 | 0.17 | |||
| IPD | 112 (33.8) | 97 (35.8) | 21 (29.6) | ||
| OPD | 48 (14.5) | 35 (12.9) | 8 (11.3) | ||
| Cleaning at height | 44 (13.3) | 39 (14.4) | 6 (8.5) | ||
| Office/dormitory | 104 (31.4) | 79 (29.2) | 30 (42.3) | ||
| Garbage disposal/logistics | 23 (6.9) | 21 (7.7) | 6 (8.5) | ||
| Mopping posture (forward bend) | 0.02* | 0.78 | |||
| Almost neutral | 100 (30.2) | 73 (26.9) | 19 (26.8) | ||
| Moderate | 163 (49.2) | 141 (52.0) | 37 (52.1) | ||
| Excessive | 68 (20.6) | 57 (21.0) | 15 (21.1) | ||
| Back position (flex/twist/side bend) – excessive | 100 (30.2) | 82 (30.3) | 0.89 | 19 (26.8) | 0.77 |
| Back movement (flex/twist/side bend)–very frequent | 38 (11.5) | 31 (11.4) | 0.98 | 9 (12.7) | 0.85 |
| Hand position – at or above shoulder height | 31 (9.4) | 27 (10.0) | 0.60 | 5 (8.5) | 0.49 |
| Hand movement (times per minute) – >20 | 34 (10.3) | 29 (10.7) | 0.70 | 9 (12.7) | 0.58 |
| Shoulder/arm movement – very frequent | 38 (11.4) | 29 (10.7) | 0.49 | 3 (4.2) | 0.05 |
| Maximum weight handled manually –heavy (≥11 kg) | 77 (23.3) | 59 (21.8) | 0.11 | 20 (28.2) | 0.21 |
| Maximum force exerted by one hand – high (>4 kg) | 51 (15.4) | 41 (15.1) | 0.95 | 13 (18.3) | 0.73 |
| Vibrating tools use (hours per day) – >4 | 11 (3.3) | 11 (4.1) | 0.27 | 3 (4.2) | 0.44 |
| Head/neck bent or twisted – continuously | 50 (15.1) | 42 (15.5) | 0.67 | 8 (11.3) | 0.31 |
| Task duration | 0.02* | 0.19 | |||
| <2 h | 105 (31.7) | 77 (28.4) | 19 (26.8) | ||
| 2–4 h | 179 (54.1) | 152 (56.1) | 45 (63.4) | ||
| >4 h | 47 (14.2) | 42 (15.5) | 7 (9.9) | ||
| Visual demand – high | 224 (67.7) | 185 (68.3) | 0.63 | 52 (73.2) | 0.26 |
| Difficulty keeping up with tasks – often | 16 (4.8) | 15 (5.5) | 0.36 | 5 (7.0) | 0.05 |
Note(s): 1MSDs in 12 months, *p value < 0.05
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