Table 3 Theoretical constructs and...

Table 3

Theoretical constructs and measurement scale

Informational quality	Modified from Ahn et al. (2007)
1. Available online contents are complete and timely in nature
2. Available online contents provide accurate and reliable material
3. Online contents provide information in appropriate manner
Compatibility	Adapted from Moore and Benbasat (1991)
1. I spend many hours on the Internet
2. Using the web to communicate and access information for education is suitable for me
3. Using the web in my academic life is compatible with my style and habits
Resource availability	Modified from Taylor and Todd (1995) and Lu (2008)
1. I can use e-learning resources whenever I want it
2. My institution has adequate resources to properly use the e-learning system
3. My institution provides me adequate technical know-how regarding online resources
Self-efficacy (self-confidence to complete tasks)	Adapted from Compeau and Higgins (1995) and Ajjan and Hartshorne (2009)
1. I am confident of using the e-learning system even if there is no one around to show me how to do it
2. I am confident of using the e-learning system even if I have only the online instructions for reference
3. I am confident of using the e-learning system even if I have never used such a system before
Subjective norms (social influence)	Modified from Tarhini et al. (2017)
1. My teachers think that I should participate in the e-learning activities
2. My colleagues think that I should participate in the e-learning activities
3. The opinion of non-academic groups (e.g. friends and family) suggests that I should participate in e-learning activities
Subject interest	Modified from Singh (2016)
1. I am interested in learning course material for my subject
2. I am generally attentive in class
3. I feel the subject challenged me intellectually
4. by using e-learning tool I have become more competent in my subject
Institutional branding	Modified from Singh (2016)
1. The institution I study is looked upon as a prestigious institution in society
2. My institution provides me e-learning facilities
3. My institution has high media coverage in online learning activities
4. My institution remains in a prestigious place in various university ranking systems
Students' adoption intention to TEL	Adapted from Ajjan and Hartshorne (2009) and Roca et al. (2006)
1. I will use the e-learning platform on a regular basis in the future
2. I will continue using e-learning platform in order to fulfil my future needs
3. I will strongly recommend others to use the e-learning platform

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Informational quality	Modified from Ahn et al. (2007)
1. Available online contents are complete and timely in nature
2. Available online contents provide accurate and reliable material
3. Online contents provide information in appropriate manner
Compatibility	Adapted from Moore and Benbasat (1991)
1. I spend many hours on the Internet
2. Using the web to communicate and access information for education is suitable for me
3. Using the web in my academic life is compatible with my style and habits
Resource availability	Modified from Taylor and Todd (1995) and Lu (2008)
1. I can use e-learning resources whenever I want it
2. My institution has adequate resources to properly use the e-learning system
3. My institution provides me adequate technical know-how regarding online resources
Self-efficacy (self-confidence to complete tasks)	Adapted from Compeau and Higgins (1995) and Ajjan and Hartshorne (2009)
1. I am confident of using the e-learning system even if there is no one around to show me how to do it
2. I am confident of using the e-learning system even if I have only the online instructions for reference
3. I am confident of using the e-learning system even if I have never used such a system before
Subjective norms (social influence)	Modified from Tarhini et al. (2017)
1. My teachers think that I should participate in the e-learning activities
2. My colleagues think that I should participate in the e-learning activities
3. The opinion of non-academic groups (e.g. friends and family) suggests that I should participate in e-learning activities
Subject interest	Modified from Singh (2016)
1. I am interested in learning course material for my subject
2. I am generally attentive in class
3. I feel the subject challenged me intellectually
4. by using e-learning tool I have become more competent in my subject
Institutional branding	Modified from Singh (2016)
1. The institution I study is looked upon as a prestigious institution in society
2. My institution provides me e-learning facilities
3. My institution has high media coverage in online learning activities
4. My institution remains in a prestigious place in various university ranking systems
Students' adoption intention to TEL	Adapted from Ajjan and Hartshorne (2009) and Roca et al. (2006)
1. I will use the e-learning platform on a regular basis in the future
2. I will continue using e-learning platform in order to fulfil my future needs
3. I will strongly recommend others to use the e-learning platform

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