Percentage of journal articles in the three levels of research area in 2005 and 2015
| Percentage of articles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Research area | 2005 (n=106) | 2015 (n=182) | Difference |
| Macro-level: distance education systems and theories | 18.9 | 15.9 | −3.0 |
| 1. Access, equity, and ethics | 4.7 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
| 2. Globalization of education and cross-cultural aspects | 3.8 | 1.1 | −2.7 |
| 3. Distance teaching systems and institutions | 6.6 | 2.2 | −4.4 |
| 4. Theories and models | 1.9 | 3.3 | 1.4 |
| 5. Research methods in distance education and knowledge transfer | 1.9 | 3.3 | 1.4 |
| Meso-level: management, organization, and technology | 35.8 | 40.1 | 4.3 |
| 6. Management and organization | 8.5 | 4.4 | −4.1 |
| 7. Costs and benefits | 1.9 | 1.6 | −0.3 |
| 8. Educational technology | 5.7 | 9.3 | 3.6 |
| 9. Innovation and change | 0.9 | 3.3 | 2.4 |
| 10. Professional development and faculty support | 7.5 | 5.5 | −2.0 |
| 11. Learner support services | 3.8 | 1.6 | −2.2 |
| 12. Quality assurance | 8.5 | 14.3 | 5.8 |
| Micro-level: teaching and learning in distance education | 45.3 | 44.0 | −1.3 |
| 13. Instructional design | 25.5 | 21.4 | −4.1 |
| 14. Interaction and communication in learning communities | 13.2 | 8.2 | −5.0 |
| 15. Learner characteristics | 5.7 | 14.3 | 8.6* |
| Percentage of articles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Research area | 2005 ( | 2015 ( | Difference |
| 18.9 | 15.9 | −3.0 | |
| 1. Access, equity, and ethics | 4.7 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
| 2. Globalization of education and cross-cultural aspects | 3.8 | 1.1 | −2.7 |
| 3. Distance teaching systems and institutions | 6.6 | 2.2 | −4.4 |
| 4. Theories and models | 1.9 | 3.3 | 1.4 |
| 5. Research methods in distance education and knowledge transfer | 1.9 | 3.3 | 1.4 |
| 35.8 | 40.1 | 4.3 | |
| 6. Management and organization | 8.5 | 4.4 | −4.1 |
| 7. Costs and benefits | 1.9 | 1.6 | −0.3 |
| 8. Educational technology | 5.7 | 9.3 | 3.6 |
| 9. Innovation and change | 0.9 | 3.3 | 2.4 |
| 10. Professional development and faculty support | 7.5 | 5.5 | −2.0 |
| 11. Learner support services | 3.8 | 1.6 | −2.2 |
| 12. Quality assurance | 8.5 | 14.3 | 5.8 |
| 45.3 | 44.0 | −1.3 | |
| 13. Instructional design | 25.5 | 21.4 | −4.1 |
| 14. Interaction and communication in learning communities | 13.2 | 8.2 | −5.0 |
| 15. Learner characteristics | 5.7 | 14.3 | 8.6* |
Note: *p<0.05, two-tailed
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