Percentage of ODL journal articles by type of target population/participant group in 2005 and 2015
| Percentage of empirical articles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of target groups | 2005 (n=70) | 2015 (n=160) | Difference |
| Bachelor’s/sub-degree students | 22.9 | 16.3 | −6.6 |
| Postgraduate students | 15.7 | 8.8 | −6.9 |
| Academician/teachers | 8.6 | 13.1 | 4.5 |
| Studentsa | 17.1 | 31.9 | 14.8* |
| Documents/data filesb | 2.9 | 11.9 | 9.0* |
| Administrators | 2.9 | 0.6 | −2.3 |
| K-12 students | 1.4 | 0.0 | −1.4 |
| Specialists | 1.4 | 1.3 | −0.1 |
| Institutions | 1.4 | 1.3 | −0.1 |
| System/programme | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
| Multiple typesc | 22.9 | 11.9 | −11.0* |
| Otherd | 1.4 | 0.6 | −0.8 |
| Percentage of empirical articles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of target groups | 2005 ( | 2015 ( | Difference |
| Bachelor’s/sub-degree students | 22.9 | 16.3 | −6.6 |
| Postgraduate students | 15.7 | 8.8 | −6.9 |
| Academician/teachers | 8.6 | 13.1 | 4.5 |
| Studentsa | 17.1 | 31.9 | 14.8* |
| Documents/data filesb | 2.9 | 11.9 | 9.0* |
| Administrators | 2.9 | 0.6 | −2.3 |
| K-12 students | 1.4 | 0.0 | −1.4 |
| Specialists | 1.4 | 1.3 | −0.1 |
| Institutions | 1.4 | 1.3 | −0.1 |
| System/programme | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
| Multiple typesc | 22.9 | 11.9 | −11.0* |
| Otherd | 1.4 | 0.6 | −0.8 |
Notes: aStudents include non-specific-level students, online learners, adult learners, etc.; bdocument/data files include university archives, research papers/dissertations, online platform archives, online activity log files, etc.; cmultiple types means more than one type from items one to ten, e.g., both students and instructors; dother types means those categories not covered by items 1 to 10, e.g. community sample. *p<0.05, two-tailed
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