Table 4

Summary of empirical evidence results for conventional and Islamic banks: a comparison between conventional and Islamic banks

DeterminantsDependent variable: OPDependent variable: ROADependent variable: ROEDependent variable: TQ
Conv.BanksIslam banksConv. BanksIslamBanksConv. BanksIslam banksConv. BanksIslam banks
Dependent variable(t−1)+***+***+***+***+***+***+**+**
Advertising expØØØ+***ØØØØ
Advertising exp(t−1)ØØØØØØØØ

Note(s): This table demonstrates the summary of empirical evidence of the effect of advertising expenditure on the performance of Islamic banks and conventional banks. Symbols (+) and (Ø) indicate positive and no significant relationships, respectively. The asterisk signs of *** and** indicate statistical significance at the 1 and 5% levels, respectively

Source(s): Authors own calculation

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