Table 2. Definition and features of...

Table 2.

Definition and features of different types of fake news

#	Type of fake news	Motivations	Truth	Intention to deceive	harm	Humor
1 – Satire or parody: no intention – cause harm but has potential – fool
1	Satire/humorous fakes/Parody	Fun, publicity	0–3	0	1	3
2	Hoax/large scale hoax	Fun	0–1	2–3	2–3	3
2 – False connection: headline, captions or visuals usually do not support the content
3	clickbait	Monetary gain	1	3	3	Possible
4	Sensationalism	Engagement, trigger emotional reaction	2–3	1	1	1
3 – Misleading content: misleading use of information – frame and issue or individual
5	Rumor	Variable/political	unknown	3	3	0
6	Hacking	Political gain	0–1	3	3	0
7	Misinformation	Honest mistake, carelessness or cognitive bias	0	0	1–2	0
8	Pseudoscience	Manipulation	1	3	3	0
9	Conspiracy theory	Political	0–1	3	3	0
4 – False content: when genuine content is shared with false contextual information
10	Misreporting	Variable	3	0	Variable	0
11	Commentary	Variable	0–1	0 – 1	Variable	0
12	Cherry-picking	Mislead	Commonly true	2	2	0
13	Malinformation	Harm	True	3	3	0
14	hidden advertising/advertisement/PR	Viewership, publicity, financial gain	0–1	2	1–2	0
15	Persuasive information	Political or nonpolitical promotion	0–1	0–1	1	0
6 – Manipulated content: when genuine information or imagery is manipulated – deceive
16	Citizen journalism	Variable	2– 1	2	2	3
17	Photo Manipulation	Mislead	0–1	2	2	0
7 – Fabricated content: content is completely false design – deceive and do harm
18	Propaganda partisan/polarized content/disinformation/political kayfabe	Political, ideological or financial profit or gain	0	3	3	0
19	Trolling	Create hostility and conflicts	0–1	3	3	3
20	Fabricated news	Viewership, publicity, financial gain	0–1	3	3	0
21	Opinion spam	Mislead the costumers	0	3	3	0
22	False news	Mislead the, manipulation	3	3	3	0

#	Type of fake news	Motivations	Truth	Intention to deceive	harm	Humor
1 – Satire or parody: no intention – cause harm but has potential – fool
1	Satire/humorous fakes/Parody	Fun, publicity	0–3	0	1	3
2	Hoax/large scale hoax	Fun	0–1	2–3	2–3	3
2 – False connection: headline, captions or visuals usually do not support the content
3	clickbait	Monetary gain	1	3	3	Possible
4	Sensationalism	Engagement, trigger emotional reaction	2–3	1	1	1
3 – Misleading content: misleading use of information – frame and issue or individual
5	Rumor	Variable/political	unknown	3	3	0
6	Hacking	Political gain	0–1	3	3	0
7	Misinformation	Honest mistake, carelessness or cognitive bias	0	0	1–2	0
8	Pseudoscience	Manipulation	1	3	3	0
9	Conspiracy theory	Political	0–1	3	3	0
4 – False content: when genuine content is shared with false contextual information
10	Misreporting	Variable	3	0	Variable	0
11	Commentary	Variable	0–1	0 – 1	Variable	0
12	Cherry-picking	Mislead	Commonly true	2	2	0
13	Malinformation	Harm	True	3	3	0
14	hidden advertising/advertisement/PR	Viewership, publicity, financial gain	0–1	2	1–2	0
15	Persuasive information	Political or nonpolitical promotion	0–1	0–1	1	0
6 – Manipulated content: when genuine information or imagery is manipulated – deceive
16	Citizen journalism	Variable	2– 1	2	2	3
17	Photo Manipulation	Mislead	0–1	2	2	0
7 – Fabricated content: content is completely false design – deceive and do harm
18	Propaganda partisan/polarized content/disinformation/political kayfabe	Political, ideological or financial profit or gain	0	3	3	0
19	Trolling	Create hostility and conflicts	0–1	3	3	3
20	Fabricated news	Viewership, publicity, financial gain	0–1	3	3	0
21	Opinion spam	Mislead the costumers	0	3	3	0
22	False news	Mislead the, manipulation	3	3	3	0

Notes:

Intensity values of the variables 0 none; 1: low, 2: medium and 3: high

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