Table 1.

Summary of some studies on trade openness and measures of competitiveness

Measures, contribution and main findingsStudy by
Correlations between trade openness and trade growthNjindan (2017) 
Correlation coefficient between GDP per capita and the share of export in GDPMarčeta and Bojnec (2020) 
Trade openness is associated with an increase in real GDP per capita growthSqualli and Wilson (2011 
Export has a significant positive impact on economic growthOmoke and Opuala-Charles (2021) 
Contribution of trade openness on economic growth and competitivenessPilinkiene (2016) 
R&D effect on market (the firm revenue) of R&D to economic growth and productivity at the firm levelColuccia et al. (2020) 
Source: Compiled by authors

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