Table 3. Indices of trade openness...

Table 3.

Indices of trade openness (export/gross domestic product, import/gross domestic product and export market share) by the EU-28 countries, 2008–2019

Country	Export/GDP 2008–2015 and 2015–2019		Import/GDP 2008–2015 and 2015–2019		Export market share (%) 2008–2015 and 2015–2019
Belgium	96	105	95	106	81	104
Bulgaria	122	100	87	97	100	120
Czechia	128	92	123	91	94	106
Denmark	102	106	96	106	81	105
Germany	107	99	104	104	89	99
Estonia	116	95	104	94	100	113
Ireland	145	105	123	133	141	121
Greece	138	125	92	126	71	110
Spain	131	104	101	104	89	104
France	109	103	106	104	87	99
Croatia	127	112	99	113	85	118
Italy	110	107	97	106	78	100
Cyprus	140	103	107	108	100	100
Latvia	153	100	119	99	114	100
Lithuania	119	113	101	103	93	131
Luxembourg	118	94	120	92	122	105
Hungary	110	94	101	100	81	106
Malta	104	91	96	86	114	100
The Netherlands	118	100	123	97	87	102
Austria	100	105	101	106	80	104
Poland	130	113	107	109	107	121
Portugal	130	107	98	108	93	110
Romania	158	98	108	106	121	117
Slovenia	116	109	101	109	84	113
Slovakia	115	100	109	103	93	103
Finland	79	112	87	110	59	113
Sweden	89	109	92	109	80	100
The UK	101	114	98	113	94	80

Country	Export/GDP2008–2015 and 2015–2019		Import/GDP 2008–2015and 2015–2019		Export market share (%)2008–2015 and 2015–2019
Belgium	96	105	95	106	81	104
Bulgaria	122	100	87	97	100	120
Czechia	128	92	123	91	94	106
Denmark	102	106	96	106	81	105
Germany	107	99	104	104	89	99
Estonia	116	95	104	94	100	113
Ireland	145	105	123	133	141	121
Greece	138	125	92	126	71	110
Spain	131	104	101	104	89	104
France	109	103	106	104	87	99
Croatia	127	112	99	113	85	118
Italy	110	107	97	106	78	100
Cyprus	140	103	107	108	100	100
Latvia	153	100	119	99	114	100
Lithuania	119	113	101	103	93	131
Luxembourg	118	94	120	92	122	105
Hungary	110	94	101	100	81	106
Malta	104	91	96	86	114	100
The Netherlands	118	100	123	97	87	102
Austria	100	105	101	106	80	104
Poland	130	113	107	109	107	121
Portugal	130	107	98	108	93	110
Romania	158	98	108	106	121	117
Slovenia	116	109	101	109	84	113
Slovakia	115	100	109	103	93	103
Finland	79	112	87	110	59	113
Sweden	89	109	92	109	80	100
The UK	101	114	98	113	94	80

Source: Authors' calculations based on Eurostat (2021)

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