Key dimensions of national culture according to Hofstede et al. (2010)
| Dimensions | Content |
|---|---|
| Small versus large power distance (PDI) | The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country except and accept that power is distributed unequally |
| Collectivism versus individualism (IND) | Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose; everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism is the opposite, pertaining to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which continue to protect people throughout their lifetimes in exchange for unquestioning loyalty |
| Femininity versus masculinity (MAS) | A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct; men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focussed on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender and concerned with the quality of life. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap |
| Weak versus strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI) | The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations. This feeling is, among other things, expressed through a need for predictability and clear rules |
| Long-term versus short-term orientation (LTO) | Long-term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, whereas short-term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present |
| Dimensions | Content |
|---|---|
| Small versus large power distance (PDI) | The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country except and accept that power is distributed unequally |
| Collectivism versus individualism (IND) | Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose; everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism is the opposite, pertaining to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which continue to protect people throughout their lifetimes in exchange for unquestioning loyalty |
| Femininity versus masculinity (MAS) | A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct; men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focussed on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender and concerned with the quality of life. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap |
| Weak versus strong uncertainty avoidance (UAI) | The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations. This feeling is, among other things, expressed through a need for predictability and clear rules |
| Long-term versus short-term orientation (LTO) | Long-term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, whereas short-term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present |
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