Prevalence of hyperglycemia among pregnant women at Kawempe National Referral Hospital.
| Participant variable | HIP (n=25) | No HIP (n=199) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| ANC visit at enrollment | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.857 |
| First | 16 (64.0) | 126 (63.3) | 0.277 |
| Second | 5 (20) | 22 (11.1) | |
| Third | 0 (0) | 19 (9.5) | |
| Fourth and more | 4 (16) | 32 (16.1) | |
| Age, mean (±SD) | 28.4 ± 4.8 | 26.0 ± 5.0 | 0.027 |
| <25 years | 7 (28) | 79 (39.7) | 0.257 |
| ≥25 years | 18 (72) | 120 (60.3) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 25 (100) | 179 (89.9) | 0.252 |
| Single | 0 (0) | 12 (6.0) | |
| Widowed | 0 (0) | 8 (4.0) | |
| Education level | |||
| Informal | 0 (0) | 4 (2.0) | 0.661 |
| Primary | 7 (28) | 39 (19.6) | |
| Secondary | 13 (52) | 104 (52.3) | |
| Tertiary | 5 (20) | 52 (26.1) | |
| Occupational status | |||
| Business | 13 (52) | 86 (43.2) | 0.666 |
| Professional | 5 (20) | 41 (20.6) | |
| Unemployed | 7 (28) | 72 (36.2) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Former | 0 (0) | 2 (1.0) | >0.999 |
| Never | 25 (100) | 197 (99.0) | |
| Alcohol usage | |||
| Current | 2 (8) | 10 (5.0) | 0.324 |
| Former | 6 (24) | 32 (16.1) | |
| Never | 17 (68) | 157 (78.9) | |
| Family history of diabetes | |||
| No | 20 (80) | 165 (82.9) | 0.717 |
| Yes | 5 (20) | 34 (17.1) | |
| District of residence | |||
| Kampala | 17 (68) | 139 (69.8) | 0.061 |
| Wakiso | 6 (24) | 56 (28.1) | |
| Mpigi | 1 (4) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Mukono | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Entebbe | 1 (4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Residence | |||
| Peri-Urban | 3 (12) | 60 (30.2) | 0.062 |
| Urban | 22 (88) | 139 (69.8) | |
| HIV status | |||
| Positive | 1 (4) | 5 (2.5) | 0.513 |
| Negative | 24 (96) | 194 (97.5) | |
| BCG scar | |||
| Yes | 10 (40) | 52 (26.1) | 0.144 |
| No | 15 (60) | 147 (73.9) | |
| Family history oftuberculosis | |||
| Yes | 4 (16) | 18 (9.0) | 0.282 |
| No | 21 (84) | 181 (91.0) | |
| Tuberculosis contact | |||
| Yes | 6 (24) | 13 (6.5) | 0.003 |
| No | 19 (76) | 186 (93.5) | |
| Family size | |||
| ≤4 | 19 (76) | 158 (79.4) | 0.694 |
| ≥5 | 6 (24) | 41 (20.6) | |
| Symptoms of diabetes | |||
| Yes | 4 (16) | 39 (19.6) | 0.793 |
| No | 21 (84) | 160 (80.4) | |
| Gravidity | |||
| Primigravida | 4 (16) | 74 (37.2) | 0.112 |
| Multigravida | 16 (64) | 104 (52.3) | |
| Grand multigravida | 3 (12) | 16 (8.0) | |
| Great grand multigravida | 2 (8) | 5 (2.5) | |
| Previous abortion | |||
| Yes | 7 (28) | 29 (14.6) | 0.085 |
| No | 18 (72) | 170 (85.4) | |
| Gestation age atenrollment (weeks;mean ± SD) | 25.8 ± 7.7 | 26.7 ± 7.3 | 0.558 |
| Trimester at enrollment | |||
| 1 | 1 (4) | 11 (5.5) | 0.922 |
| 2 | 12 (48) | 89 (44.7) | |
| 3 | 12 (48) | 99 (49.7) | |
| Anthropometry, mean ± SD | |||
| Weight (kilograms) | 71.4 ± 15.0 | 68.6 ± 12.0 | 0.274 |
| Height (meters) | 1.6 ± 0.07 | 1.6 ± 0.06 | 0.408 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.9 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 0.113 |
| Waist circumference (centimeters) | 97.5 ± 13.4 | 94.9 ± 10.0 | 0.227 |
| Hip circumference (centimeters) | 107.8 ± 10.4 | 103.3 ± 9.7 | 0.032 |
| Waist-hip circumference | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.327 |
| Blood pressure atenrollment, Mean ± (SD) | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 122 ± 12 | 125 ± 18 | 0.394 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 77 ± 8 | 78 ± 13 | 0.759 |
| Normal | 23 (92) | 165 (82.9) | 0.386 |
| Hypertension | 2 (8) | 34 (17.1) |
| Participant variable | HIP (n=25) | No HIP (n=199) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.857 | |
| First | 16 (64.0) | 126 (63.3) | 0.277 |
| Second | 5 (20) | 22 (11.1) | |
| Third | 0 (0) | 19 (9.5) | |
| Fourth and more | 4 (16) | 32 (16.1) | |
| 28.4 ± 4.8 | 26.0 ± 5.0 | ||
| <25 years | 7 (28) | 79 (39.7) | 0.257 |
| ≥25 years | 18 (72) | 120 (60.3) | |
| Married | 25 (100) | 179 (89.9) | 0.252 |
| Single | 0 (0) | 12 (6.0) | |
| Widowed | 0 (0) | 8 (4.0) | |
| Informal | 0 (0) | 4 (2.0) | 0.661 |
| Primary | 7 (28) | 39 (19.6) | |
| Secondary | 13 (52) | 104 (52.3) | |
| Tertiary | 5 (20) | 52 (26.1) | |
| Business | 13 (52) | 86 (43.2) | 0.666 |
| Professional | 5 (20) | 41 (20.6) | |
| Unemployed | 7 (28) | 72 (36.2) | |
| Former | 0 (0) | 2 (1.0) | >0.999 |
| Never | 25 (100) | 197 (99.0) | |
| Current | 2 (8) | 10 (5.0) | 0.324 |
| Former | 6 (24) | 32 (16.1) | |
| Never | 17 (68) | 157 (78.9) | |
| No | 20 (80) | 165 (82.9) | 0.717 |
| Yes | 5 (20) | 34 (17.1) | |
| Kampala | 17 (68) | 139 (69.8) | 0.061 |
| Wakiso | 6 (24) | 56 (28.1) | |
| Mpigi | 1 (4) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Mukono | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Entebbe | 1 (4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Peri-Urban | 3 (12) | 60 (30.2) | 0.062 |
| Urban | 22 (88) | 139 (69.8) | |
| Positive | 1 (4) | 5 (2.5) | 0.513 |
| Negative | 24 (96) | 194 (97.5) | |
| Yes | 10 (40) | 52 (26.1) | 0.144 |
| No | 15 (60) | 147 (73.9) | |
| Yes | 4 (16) | 18 (9.0) | 0.282 |
| No | 21 (84) | 181 (91.0) | |
| Yes | 6 (24) | 13 (6.5) | |
| No | 19 (76) | 186 (93.5) | |
| ≤4 | 19 (76) | 158 (79.4) | 0.694 |
| ≥5 | 6 (24) | 41 (20.6) | |
| Yes | 4 (16) | 39 (19.6) | 0.793 |
| No | 21 (84) | 160 (80.4) | |
| Primigravida | 4 (16) | 74 (37.2) | 0.112 |
| Multigravida | 16 (64) | 104 (52.3) | |
| Grand multigravida | 3 (12) | 16 (8.0) | |
| Great grand multigravida | 2 (8) | 5 (2.5) | |
| Yes | 7 (28) | 29 (14.6) | 0.085 |
| No | 18 (72) | 170 (85.4) | |
| 25.8 ± 7.7 | 26.7 ± 7.3 | 0.558 | |
| 1 | 1 (4) | 11 (5.5) | 0.922 |
| 2 | 12 (48) | 89 (44.7) | |
| 3 | 12 (48) | 99 (49.7) | |
| Weight (kilograms) | 71.4 ± 15.0 | 68.6 ± 12.0 | 0.274 |
| Height (meters) | 1.6 ± 0.07 | 1.6 ± 0.06 | 0.408 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.9 | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 0.113 |
| Waist circumference (centimeters) | 97.5 ± 13.4 | 94.9 ± 10.0 | 0.227 |
| Hip circumference (centimeters) | 107.8 ± 10.4 | 103.3 ± 9.7 | |
| Waist-hip circumference | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.327 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 122 ± 12 | 125 ± 18 | 0.394 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 77 ± 8 | 78 ± 13 | 0.759 |
| Normal | 23 (92) | 165 (82.9) | 0.386 |
| Hypertension | 2 (8) | 34 (17.1) |
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