Table A1. Descriptive statistics of the...

Table A1.

Descriptive statistics of the control variables in 23 OECD countries during 1960-2010

	Alcohol				Urbanization				Unemployment				Age
	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)
Australia	11.24	13.10	9.80	0.951***	85.79	89.05	81.53	0.967***	5.60	10.90	1.10	0.926***	10.53	13.45	8.35	1.015***
Austria	14.17	15.60	12.50	0.857***	65.66	67.45	64.72	1.070***	3.07	5.20	1.10	0.946***	14.82	17.60	12.22	1.000***
Belgium	11.80	13.50	9.70	0.903***	95.52	97.46	92.46	0.976***	6.70	10.80	1.50	0.950***	14.79	17.43	11.99	0.995***
Canada	8.99	10.90	7.20	0.967***	76.45	80.55	69.06	0.944***	7.55	12.00	3.40	0.902***	10.34	14.11	7.50	1.014***
Denmark	11.81	13.10	8.60	0.927***	82.75	86.80	73.69	0.943***	4.95	10.40	0.70	0.902***	14.06	16.45	10.60	0.972***
Finland	8.46	10.40	5.80	0.947***	73.28	83.56	55.29	0.972***	6.51	16.80	1.20	0.929***	12.26	17.23	7.20	0.999***
France	16.76	20.80	12.70	1.001***	73.89	85.23	61.88	0.991***	6.58	11.10	1.10	0.971***	14.11	16.79	11.65	1.001***
Germany	13.16	14.80	11.80	0.832***	72.77	73.82	71.38	0.969***	5.38	11.30	0.55	0.952***	15.30	20.38	11.52	1.023***
Greece	9.84	13.20	6.70	0.862***	56.09	61.22	42.89	0.937***	6.60	12.60	1.70	1.004***	13.62	18.55	8.25	0.994***
Ireland	10.81	14.40	7.00	0.958***	55.37	61.90	45.82	0.971***	8.97	16.80	3.90	0.947***	11.15	11.67	10.79	1.015***
Island	5.04	7.50	3.80	0.990***	88.66	93.62	80.30	0.969***	1.95	7.56	0.08	0.981***	10.14	12.02	7.95	0.991***
Italy	12.76	19.90	7.80	1.003***	65.71	68.22	59.36	0.930***	7.53	11.30	3.90	0.943***	14.44	20.35	9.51	1.009***
Japan	7.84	9.20	6.10	0.941***	76.53	90.54	63.27	1.003***	2.70	5.40	1.10	1.005***	11.83	22.69	5.73	1.033***
Luxembourg	14.85	17.90	12.70	0.820***	79.28	85.19	69.56	0.970***	1.88	5.20	0.00	0.980***	13.18	14.30	10.83	0.933***
The Netherlands	10.26	12.20	7.80	0.917***	68.73	82.75	59.75	1.024***	4.19	8.30	0.50	0.917***	11.94	15.31	8.93	1.008***
New Zeeland	10.19	12.10	8.70	0.941***	83.23	86.19	76.00	0.940***	3.79	10.70	0.00	0.957***	10.25	13.01	8.14	1.021***
Norway	5.36	6.60	4.60	0.954***	69.58	79.10	49.92	0.942***	2.85	6.60	0.70	0.933***	14.37	16.31	11.11	0.950***
Portugal	15.01	20.80	11.40	0.778***	46.35	60.51	34.96	1.013***	5.81	12.00	1.80	0.983***	12.71	17.94	7.98	1.005***
Spain	14.38	19.60	9.90	0.974***	71.41	77.28	56.57	0.947***	10.20	21.30	1.20	0.977***	12.72	16.97	8.18	0.996***
Sweden	6.59	7.70	5.80	0.887***	82.04	85.06	72.49	1.013***	4.18	9.90	1.20	0.966***	15.95	18.24	11.97	0.969***
Switzerland	12.56	15.00	10.10	1.012***	64.67	73.64	51.02	0.982***	1.51	4.20	0.00	0.990***	13.56	16.70	10.18	0.995***
UK	9.60	11.50	7.10	0.916***	78.28	79.51	77.12	1.037***	5.83	11.20	1.10	0.941***	14.66	16.59	11.72	0.975***
USA	9.26	10.40	8.10	0.957***	75.59	82.14	70.00	1.011***	6.00	9.70	3.50	0.824***	11.38	13.06	9.19	0.985***

	Alcohol				Urbanization				Unemployment				Age
	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)	Mean	Max	Min	AR(1)
Australia	11.24	13.10	9.80	0.951***	85.79	89.05	81.53	0.967***	5.60	10.90	1.10	0.926***	10.53	13.45	8.35	1.015***
Austria	14.17	15.60	12.50	0.857***	65.66	67.45	64.72	1.070***	3.07	5.20	1.10	0.946***	14.82	17.60	12.22	1.000***
Belgium	11.80	13.50	9.70	0.903***	95.52	97.46	92.46	0.976***	6.70	10.80	1.50	0.950***	14.79	17.43	11.99	0.995***
Canada	8.99	10.90	7.20	0.967***	76.45	80.55	69.06	0.944***	7.55	12.00	3.40	0.902***	10.34	14.11	7.50	1.014***
Denmark	11.81	13.10	8.60	0.927***	82.75	86.80	73.69	0.943***	4.95	10.40	0.70	0.902***	14.06	16.45	10.60	0.972***
Finland	8.46	10.40	5.80	0.947***	73.28	83.56	55.29	0.972***	6.51	16.80	1.20	0.929***	12.26	17.23	7.20	0.999***
France	16.76	20.80	12.70	1.001***	73.89	85.23	61.88	0.991***	6.58	11.10	1.10	0.971***	14.11	16.79	11.65	1.001***
Germany	13.16	14.80	11.80	0.832***	72.77	73.82	71.38	0.969***	5.38	11.30	0.55	0.952***	15.30	20.38	11.52	1.023***
Greece	9.84	13.20	6.70	0.862***	56.09	61.22	42.89	0.937***	6.60	12.60	1.70	1.004***	13.62	18.55	8.25	0.994***
Ireland	10.81	14.40	7.00	0.958***	55.37	61.90	45.82	0.971***	8.97	16.80	3.90	0.947***	11.15	11.67	10.79	1.015***
Island	5.04	7.50	3.80	0.990***	88.66	93.62	80.30	0.969***	1.95	7.56	0.08	0.981***	10.14	12.02	7.95	0.991***
Italy	12.76	19.90	7.80	1.003***	65.71	68.22	59.36	0.930***	7.53	11.30	3.90	0.943***	14.44	20.35	9.51	1.009***
Japan	7.84	9.20	6.10	0.941***	76.53	90.54	63.27	1.003***	2.70	5.40	1.10	1.005***	11.83	22.69	5.73	1.033***
Luxembourg	14.85	17.90	12.70	0.820***	79.28	85.19	69.56	0.970***	1.88	5.20	0.00	0.980***	13.18	14.30	10.83	0.933***
The Netherlands	10.26	12.20	7.80	0.917***	68.73	82.75	59.75	1.024***	4.19	8.30	0.50	0.917***	11.94	15.31	8.93	1.008***
New Zeeland	10.19	12.10	8.70	0.941***	83.23	86.19	76.00	0.940***	3.79	10.70	0.00	0.957***	10.25	13.01	8.14	1.021***
Norway	5.36	6.60	4.60	0.954***	69.58	79.10	49.92	0.942***	2.85	6.60	0.70	0.933***	14.37	16.31	11.11	0.950***
Portugal	15.01	20.80	11.40	0.778***	46.35	60.51	34.96	1.013***	5.81	12.00	1.80	0.983***	12.71	17.94	7.98	1.005***
Spain	14.38	19.60	9.90	0.974***	71.41	77.28	56.57	0.947***	10.20	21.30	1.20	0.977***	12.72	16.97	8.18	0.996***
Sweden	6.59	7.70	5.80	0.887***	82.04	85.06	72.49	1.013***	4.18	9.90	1.20	0.966***	15.95	18.24	11.97	0.969***
Switzerland	12.56	15.00	10.10	1.012***	64.67	73.64	51.02	0.982***	1.51	4.20	0.00	0.990***	13.56	16.70	10.18	0.995***
UK	9.60	11.50	7.10	0.916***	78.28	79.51	77.12	1.037***	5.83	11.20	1.10	0.941***	14.66	16.59	11.72	0.975***
USA	9.26	10.40	8.10	0.957***	75.59	82.14	70.00	1.011***	6.00	9.70	3.50	0.824***	11.38	13.06	9.19	0.985***

Note:

***

, ** and * denote significance at the 1, 5 and 10 % levels, respectively

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