Table 1.

Characteristics of the sample (avg. 1999 to 2013, and GII 2013 and 2019)

Variable/countryPatent_population(%)_r&d_enterprise(%)_r&d_government(%)_r&d_higher_
education
(%)_r&d_private_non_
profit_orgs
(%)_full_time_
researchers
Population (x1,000)GII (2013)GII
(2019)
Asia0.1080.001900.000340.000300.000060.29591499,86050.0755.02
China0.0050.000770.000330.000120.077691,323,65944.6654.82
Japan0.1970.002570.000310.000460.000080.51414127,45752.2354.68
South Korea0.1210.002360.000390.000320.0000448,46353.3155.55
Europe0.0990.001120.000240.000440.000020.3226725,30951.1850.61
Austria0.1320.001790.000140.000670.000010.385238,21851.8750.94
Belgium0.0940.001540.000170.000480.000020.3218310,63352.4950.18
Czech Republic0.0140.000830.000320.000270.000010.2127810,35248.3649.43
Denmark0.1990.002070.000200.000780.000020.564245,44758.3458.44
Estonia0.0190.000580.000170.000560.000020.268921,35350.6049.97
Finland0.2780.002610.000360.000720.000020.681215,28659.5159.83
France0.0990.001560.000400.000480.000030.3466361,39552.8354.25
Germany0.1940.001920.000390.000470.3617181,82155.8358.19
Greece 0.000200.000150.000280.000010.1523711,05137.7138.90
Hungary0.0200.000590.000280.000260.1803210,07246.9344.51
Iceland0.1130.001360.000560.000600.000060.6021830356.4051.53
Ireland0.0750.000980.000090.000350.273914,21857.9156.10
Italy0.0460.000650.000210.000390.000030.1409158,37747.8546.30
Latvia 0.000210.000130.000250.000000.149172,23645.2443.23
Luxembourg0.1030.001100.000270.000110.4681947656.5753.47
Netherlands0.1970.001070.000260.000670.000020.3121816,31561.1461.44
Norway0.1330.000970.000280.000540.505724,72155.6451.87
Poland0.0050.000260.000250.000240.000000.1523938,28940.1241.31
Portugal0.0080.000480.000150.000420.000110.2505910,44945.1044.65
Russia0.0050.000950.000380.000090.000000.32582144,30737.2037.62
Slovakia0.0070.000370.000190.000140.000000.206555,38642.2542.05
Slovenia0.0490.001180.000370.000250.000010.286152,01847.3245.25
Spain0.0280.000670.000220.000360.000000.2378943,94849.4147.85
Sweden0.2940.002680.000150.000860.000010.536539,13061.3663.65
Switzerland0.2640.002240.000040.000750.000060.371357,52666.5967.24
Turkey0.0040.000280.000070.000380.0674169,53836.0336.95
The UK0.0970.001140.000180.000440.000040.3500260,48861.2561.30
Latin America0.0020.000140.000090.000140.000040.02264101,33238.7036.35
Chile0.0030.000120.000020.000130.000070.0350216,38040.5836.64
Mexico0.0020.000170.000160.000140.000010.03290107,73936.8236.06
North America0.1500.002270.000370.000390.000120.00000298,18260.3161.73
The USA0.1500.002270.000370.000390.000120.00000298,18260.3161.73
Oceania0.0840.000830.000350.000490.000060.1903412,46053.7749.95
Australia0.0880.001150.000310.000570.000060.3806720,76453.0750.34
New Zealand0.0810.000510.000390.000420.000004,15654.4649.55

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