Characteristics of the sample (avg. 1999 to 2013, and GII 2013 and 2019)
| Variable/country | Patent_population | (%)_r&d_enterprise | (%)_r&d_government | (%)_r&d_higher_ education | (%)_r&d_private_non_ profit_orgs | (%)_full_time_ researchers | Population (x1,000) | GII (2013) | GII (2019) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | 0.108 | 0.00190 | 0.00034 | 0.00030 | 0.00006 | 0.29591 | 499,860 | 50.07 | 55.02 |
| China | 0.005 | 0.00077 | 0.00033 | 0.00012 | – | 0.07769 | 1,323,659 | 44.66 | 54.82 |
| Japan | 0.197 | 0.00257 | 0.00031 | 0.00046 | 0.00008 | 0.51414 | 127,457 | 52.23 | 54.68 |
| South Korea | 0.121 | 0.00236 | 0.00039 | 0.00032 | 0.00004 | – | 48,463 | 53.31 | 55.55 |
| Europe | 0.099 | 0.00112 | 0.00024 | 0.00044 | 0.00002 | 0.32267 | 25,309 | 51.18 | 50.61 |
| Austria | 0.132 | 0.00179 | 0.00014 | 0.00067 | 0.00001 | 0.38523 | 8,218 | 51.87 | 50.94 |
| Belgium | 0.094 | 0.00154 | 0.00017 | 0.00048 | 0.00002 | 0.32183 | 10,633 | 52.49 | 50.18 |
| Czech Republic | 0.014 | 0.00083 | 0.00032 | 0.00027 | 0.00001 | 0.21278 | 10,352 | 48.36 | 49.43 |
| Denmark | 0.199 | 0.00207 | 0.00020 | 0.00078 | 0.00002 | 0.56424 | 5,447 | 58.34 | 58.44 |
| Estonia | 0.019 | 0.00058 | 0.00017 | 0.00056 | 0.00002 | 0.26892 | 1,353 | 50.60 | 49.97 |
| Finland | 0.278 | 0.00261 | 0.00036 | 0.00072 | 0.00002 | 0.68121 | 5,286 | 59.51 | 59.83 |
| France | 0.099 | 0.00156 | 0.00040 | 0.00048 | 0.00003 | 0.34663 | 61,395 | 52.83 | 54.25 |
| Germany | 0.194 | 0.00192 | 0.00039 | 0.00047 | – | 0.36171 | 81,821 | 55.83 | 58.19 |
| Greece | 0.00020 | 0.00015 | 0.00028 | 0.00001 | 0.15237 | 11,051 | 37.71 | 38.90 | |
| Hungary | 0.020 | 0.00059 | 0.00028 | 0.00026 | – | 0.18032 | 10,072 | 46.93 | 44.51 |
| Iceland | 0.113 | 0.00136 | 0.00056 | 0.00060 | 0.00006 | 0.60218 | 303 | 56.40 | 51.53 |
| Ireland | 0.075 | 0.00098 | 0.00009 | 0.00035 | – | 0.27391 | 4,218 | 57.91 | 56.10 |
| Italy | 0.046 | 0.00065 | 0.00021 | 0.00039 | 0.00003 | 0.14091 | 58,377 | 47.85 | 46.30 |
| Latvia | 0.00021 | 0.00013 | 0.00025 | 0.00000 | 0.14917 | 2,236 | 45.24 | 43.23 | |
| Luxembourg | 0.103 | 0.00110 | 0.00027 | 0.00011 | – | 0.46819 | 476 | 56.57 | 53.47 |
| Netherlands | 0.197 | 0.00107 | 0.00026 | 0.00067 | 0.00002 | 0.31218 | 16,315 | 61.14 | 61.44 |
| Norway | 0.133 | 0.00097 | 0.00028 | 0.00054 | – | 0.50572 | 4,721 | 55.64 | 51.87 |
| Poland | 0.005 | 0.00026 | 0.00025 | 0.00024 | 0.00000 | 0.15239 | 38,289 | 40.12 | 41.31 |
| Portugal | 0.008 | 0.00048 | 0.00015 | 0.00042 | 0.00011 | 0.25059 | 10,449 | 45.10 | 44.65 |
| Russia | 0.005 | 0.00095 | 0.00038 | 0.00009 | 0.00000 | 0.32582 | 144,307 | 37.20 | 37.62 |
| Slovakia | 0.007 | 0.00037 | 0.00019 | 0.00014 | 0.00000 | 0.20655 | 5,386 | 42.25 | 42.05 |
| Slovenia | 0.049 | 0.00118 | 0.00037 | 0.00025 | 0.00001 | 0.28615 | 2,018 | 47.32 | 45.25 |
| Spain | 0.028 | 0.00067 | 0.00022 | 0.00036 | 0.00000 | 0.23789 | 43,948 | 49.41 | 47.85 |
| Sweden | 0.294 | 0.00268 | 0.00015 | 0.00086 | 0.00001 | 0.53653 | 9,130 | 61.36 | 63.65 |
| Switzerland | 0.264 | 0.00224 | 0.00004 | 0.00075 | 0.00006 | 0.37135 | 7,526 | 66.59 | 67.24 |
| Turkey | 0.004 | 0.00028 | 0.00007 | 0.00038 | – | 0.06741 | 69,538 | 36.03 | 36.95 |
| The UK | 0.097 | 0.00114 | 0.00018 | 0.00044 | 0.00004 | 0.35002 | 60,488 | 61.25 | 61.30 |
| Latin America | 0.002 | 0.00014 | 0.00009 | 0.00014 | 0.00004 | 0.02264 | 101,332 | 38.70 | 36.35 |
| Chile | 0.003 | 0.00012 | 0.00002 | 0.00013 | 0.00007 | 0.03502 | 16,380 | 40.58 | 36.64 |
| Mexico | 0.002 | 0.00017 | 0.00016 | 0.00014 | 0.00001 | 0.03290 | 107,739 | 36.82 | 36.06 |
| North America | 0.150 | 0.00227 | 0.00037 | 0.00039 | 0.00012 | 0.00000 | 298,182 | 60.31 | 61.73 |
| The USA | 0.150 | 0.00227 | 0.00037 | 0.00039 | 0.00012 | 0.00000 | 298,182 | 60.31 | 61.73 |
| Oceania | 0.084 | 0.00083 | 0.00035 | 0.00049 | 0.00006 | 0.19034 | 12,460 | 53.77 | 49.95 |
| Australia | 0.088 | 0.00115 | 0.00031 | 0.00057 | 0.00006 | 0.38067 | 20,764 | 53.07 | 50.34 |
| New Zealand | 0.081 | 0.00051 | 0.00039 | 0.00042 | – | 0.00000 | 4,156 | 54.46 | 49.55 |
| Variable/country | Patent_population | (%)_r&d_enterprise | (%)_r&d_government | (%)_r&d_higher_ | (%)_r&d_private_non_ | (%)_full_time_ | Population (x1,000) | GII (2013) | GII |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 0.005 | 0.00077 | 0.00033 | 0.00012 | – | 0.07769 | 1,323,659 | 44.66 | 54.82 |
| Japan | 0.197 | 0.00257 | 0.00031 | 0.00046 | 0.00008 | 0.51414 | 127,457 | 52.23 | 54.68 |
| South Korea | 0.121 | 0.00236 | 0.00039 | 0.00032 | 0.00004 | – | 48,463 | 53.31 | 55.55 |
| Austria | 0.132 | 0.00179 | 0.00014 | 0.00067 | 0.00001 | 0.38523 | 8,218 | 51.87 | 50.94 |
| Belgium | 0.094 | 0.00154 | 0.00017 | 0.00048 | 0.00002 | 0.32183 | 10,633 | 52.49 | 50.18 |
| Czech Republic | 0.014 | 0.00083 | 0.00032 | 0.00027 | 0.00001 | 0.21278 | 10,352 | 48.36 | 49.43 |
| Denmark | 0.199 | 0.00207 | 0.00020 | 0.00078 | 0.00002 | 0.56424 | 5,447 | 58.34 | 58.44 |
| Estonia | 0.019 | 0.00058 | 0.00017 | 0.00056 | 0.00002 | 0.26892 | 1,353 | 50.60 | 49.97 |
| Finland | 0.278 | 0.00261 | 0.00036 | 0.00072 | 0.00002 | 0.68121 | 5,286 | 59.51 | 59.83 |
| France | 0.099 | 0.00156 | 0.00040 | 0.00048 | 0.00003 | 0.34663 | 61,395 | 52.83 | 54.25 |
| Germany | 0.194 | 0.00192 | 0.00039 | 0.00047 | – | 0.36171 | 81,821 | 55.83 | 58.19 |
| Greece | 0.00020 | 0.00015 | 0.00028 | 0.00001 | 0.15237 | 11,051 | 37.71 | 38.90 | |
| Hungary | 0.020 | 0.00059 | 0.00028 | 0.00026 | – | 0.18032 | 10,072 | 46.93 | 44.51 |
| Iceland | 0.113 | 0.00136 | 0.00056 | 0.00060 | 0.00006 | 0.60218 | 303 | 56.40 | 51.53 |
| Ireland | 0.075 | 0.00098 | 0.00009 | 0.00035 | – | 0.27391 | 4,218 | 57.91 | 56.10 |
| Italy | 0.046 | 0.00065 | 0.00021 | 0.00039 | 0.00003 | 0.14091 | 58,377 | 47.85 | 46.30 |
| Latvia | 0.00021 | 0.00013 | 0.00025 | 0.00000 | 0.14917 | 2,236 | 45.24 | 43.23 | |
| Luxembourg | 0.103 | 0.00110 | 0.00027 | 0.00011 | – | 0.46819 | 476 | 56.57 | 53.47 |
| Netherlands | 0.197 | 0.00107 | 0.00026 | 0.00067 | 0.00002 | 0.31218 | 16,315 | 61.14 | 61.44 |
| Norway | 0.133 | 0.00097 | 0.00028 | 0.00054 | – | 0.50572 | 4,721 | 55.64 | 51.87 |
| Poland | 0.005 | 0.00026 | 0.00025 | 0.00024 | 0.00000 | 0.15239 | 38,289 | 40.12 | 41.31 |
| Portugal | 0.008 | 0.00048 | 0.00015 | 0.00042 | 0.00011 | 0.25059 | 10,449 | 45.10 | 44.65 |
| Russia | 0.005 | 0.00095 | 0.00038 | 0.00009 | 0.00000 | 0.32582 | 144,307 | 37.20 | 37.62 |
| Slovakia | 0.007 | 0.00037 | 0.00019 | 0.00014 | 0.00000 | 0.20655 | 5,386 | 42.25 | 42.05 |
| Slovenia | 0.049 | 0.00118 | 0.00037 | 0.00025 | 0.00001 | 0.28615 | 2,018 | 47.32 | 45.25 |
| Spain | 0.028 | 0.00067 | 0.00022 | 0.00036 | 0.00000 | 0.23789 | 43,948 | 49.41 | 47.85 |
| Sweden | 0.294 | 0.00268 | 0.00015 | 0.00086 | 0.00001 | 0.53653 | 9,130 | 61.36 | 63.65 |
| Switzerland | 0.264 | 0.00224 | 0.00004 | 0.00075 | 0.00006 | 0.37135 | 7,526 | 66.59 | 67.24 |
| Turkey | 0.004 | 0.00028 | 0.00007 | 0.00038 | – | 0.06741 | 69,538 | 36.03 | 36.95 |
| The UK | 0.097 | 0.00114 | 0.00018 | 0.00044 | 0.00004 | 0.35002 | 60,488 | 61.25 | 61.30 |
| Chile | 0.003 | 0.00012 | 0.00002 | 0.00013 | 0.00007 | 0.03502 | 16,380 | 40.58 | 36.64 |
| Mexico | 0.002 | 0.00017 | 0.00016 | 0.00014 | 0.00001 | 0.03290 | 107,739 | 36.82 | 36.06 |
| The USA | 0.150 | 0.00227 | 0.00037 | 0.00039 | 0.00012 | 0.00000 | 298,182 | 60.31 | 61.73 |
| Australia | 0.088 | 0.00115 | 0.00031 | 0.00057 | 0.00006 | 0.38067 | 20,764 | 53.07 | 50.34 |
| New Zealand | 0.081 | 0.00051 | 0.00039 | 0.00042 | – | 0.00000 | 4,156 | 54.46 | 49.55 |
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