Table A1.

The scale items (English version)

Construct with underlying items
SUNSensing user needs – independent variable
VAR01We systematically observe and evaluate the needs of our customers
VAR02We analyze the actual use of our services
VAR03Our organization is strong in distinguishing different groups of users and market segments
STOSensing technological options – independent variable
VAR04Staying up-to-date with promising new services and technologies is important for our organization
VAR05To identify possibilities for new services, we use different information sources
VAR06We follow, which technologies our competitors use
CONConceptualizing – independent variable
VAR07We are innovative in coming up with ideas for new service concepts
VAR08We find it hard to translate raw ideas into detailed servicesa
VAR09Our organization experiments with new service concepts
VAR10We align new service offerings with our current business and processes
COPCo-producing and orchestrating – independent variable
VAR11Our organization has problems with initiating and maintaining partnerships
VAR12Collaboration with other organizations helps us in improving or introducing new services
VAR13Our organization is strong in coordinating service innovation activities involving several parties
SCSScaling and stretching – independent variable
VAR14We are able to stretch a successful new service over our entire organization
VAR15In the development of new services, we take into account our branding strategy
VAR16Our organization is actively engaged in promoting its new services
VAR17We introduce new services by following our marketing plan
VAR18We find it difficult to scale up a successful new servicea
GROGrowth – dependent variable
VAR19In comparison to our competitors, our organization generated a higher return on equity in the past year
VAR20In comparison to our competitors, we had more profit growth in the past year
VAR21In comparison to our competitors, we had more turnover growth in the past year
VAR22In comparison to our competitors, we had a faster growing market share past year
Control variables
Firm age – number of years since business start
Firm size – number of employees

Note:

aItems removed from the final scale

Source: Adapted from Janssen et al. (2016) 

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