Performance regimes
| External accountability (EA) regime | Internal learning (IL) regime | Professional regime | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal autonomy | Low, External, tied to political-bureaucratic goals | Medium, Lower-level goals and performance measures set by professionals | High, Goals are set by professionals, tied to professional values |
| Incentives | External, high-powered | Internal, aimed at norms, values and peer status | Internal, low-powered |
| Accountability | External with performance focus | Internal accountability embedded within an external regulative bargain and with regular dialogue between principals and agents | Internal, tied to professional norms (with a regulative bargain) |
| Rationale for improvement | Improvements through external control and incentives; controlled motivation; learning about goal achievement but not goals (single-loop learning) | Improvement through learning spurred by autonomous motivation Learning on (lower-level) goals and goal achievement infused with values and experiences of experts (single- and double-loop learning) | Improvement through new professional expertise; autonomous motivation; learning on goals and goal achievement through professional norms and goals (single- and double-loop learning) |
| External accountability (EA) regime | Internal learning (IL) regime | Professional regime | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal autonomy | Low, External, tied to political-bureaucratic goals | Medium, Lower-level goals and performance measures set by professionals | High, Goals are set by professionals, tied to professional values |
| Incentives | External, high-powered | Internal, aimed at norms, values and peer status | Internal, low-powered |
| Accountability | External with performance focus | Internal accountability embedded within an external regulative bargain and with regular dialogue between principals and agents | Internal, tied to professional norms (with a regulative bargain) |
| Rationale for improvement | Improvements through external control and incentives; controlled motivation; learning about goal achievement but not goals (single-loop learning) | Improvement through learning spurred by autonomous motivation | Improvement through new professional expertise; autonomous motivation; learning on goals and goal achievement through professional norms and goals (single- and double-loop learning) |
Source: Adapted from Jakobsen et al. (2017)
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