Table 2 Typical mechanical properties of...

Table 2

Typical mechanical properties of tissues and biomaterials26,36–41

Tissue/material	Density: g/cm³	Compressive strength: MPa	Tensile strength: MPa	Yield strength: MPa	Elastic modulus: GPa	Fracture toughness: MPa m^1/2	Elongation: %
Arterial wall	N/A	N/A	0·50–1·72	N/A	0·001	N/A	N/A
Collagen	N/A	N/A	60	N/A	1·0	N/A	N/A
Cancellous bone	1·0–1·4	1·5–9·3	1·5–38	N/A	0·01–1·57	N/A	N/A
Cortical bone	1·8–2·0	160 trans. 240 long.	35 trans. 283 long.	N/A	5–23	3–6	N/A
Hydroxyapatite	3·05–3·15	100–900	40–200	N/A	70–120	0·7	N/A
Cobalt–chrome alloys	7·8	N/A	450–960	310	195–230	N/A	N/A
Stainless steel	7·9	170–130	480–620	N/A	193–200	50–200	N/A
Titanium alloys	4·4	N/A	550–985	420–780	100–125	55–115	12–16
Pure magnesium (cast)	1·74	20–115	90–190	20·9 ± 2·3	41	15–40	13·0 ± 1·4
AZ31 (extruded)	1·78	83–97	241–260	125–135	45	N/A	7
AZ91D (die-cast)	1·81	160	230	150	45	N/A	3
WE43 (extruded – T5)	1·84	N/A	280	195	44	N/A	10
AM60B (die-cast)	1·78	130	220	N/A	45	N/A	6–8
Mg–6Zn	N/A	433·76 ± 1·40	279·5 ± 2·3	169·5 ± 3·6	42·36 ± 0·1	N/A	18·86 ± 0·80
Mg–1Ca (cast)	N/A	N/A	71·38 ± 3·01	N/A	N/A	N/A	1·876 ± 0·140
Mg–1Ca (rolled)	N/A	N/A	166·7 ± 3·01	N/A	N/A	N/A	3·00 ± 0·78
Mg–1Ca (extruded)	N/A	N/A	239·63 ± 7·21	N/A	135·6 ± 5·4	N/A	10·63 ± 0·64
Mg–0·6Ca	N/A	273·2 ± 6·1	N/A	114·4 ± 15·1	46·5 ± 0·6	N/A	N/A
Mg–1·2Ca	N/A	254·1 ± 7·9	N/A	96·5 ± 6·6	49·6 ± 0·9	N/A	N/A
Mg–1·6Ca	N/A	252·5 ± 3·3	N/A	93·7 ± 7·8	54·7 ± 2·4	N/A	N/A
Mg–2·0Ca	N/A	232·9 ± 3·7	N/A	73·1 ± 3·4	58·8 ± 1·2	N/A	N/A
Mg–2Sr (rolled)	N/A	N/A	213·3 ± 17·2	147·3 ± 13·1	N/A	N/A	3·15 ± 0·30
Mg–0·5Ca–0·5Sr	N/A	274·3 ± 7·2	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mg–1·0Ca–0·5Sr	N/A	274·2 ± 4·0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mg–0·1Ca–1·0Sr	N/A	214·5 ± 3·5	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mg–1Zn–1Mn (cast)	N/A	N/A	174	44	N/A	N/A	12

Tissue/material	Density: g/cm³	Compressive strength: MPa	Tensile strength: MPa	Yield strength: MPa	Elastic modulus: GPa	Fracture toughness: MPa m^1/2	Elongation: %
Arterial wall	N/A	N/A	0·50–1·72	N/A	0·001	N/A	N/A
Collagen	N/A	N/A	60	N/A	1·0	N/A	N/A
Cancellous bone	1·0–1·4	1·5–9·3	1·5–38	N/A	0·01–1·57	N/A	N/A
Cortical bone	1·8–2·0	160 trans.240 long.	35 trans.283 long.	N/A	5–23	3–6	N/A
Hydroxyapatite	3·05–3·15	100–900	40–200	N/A	70–120	0·7	N/A
Cobalt–chrome alloys	7·8	N/A	450–960	310	195–230	N/A	N/A
Stainless steel	7·9	170–130	480–620	N/A	193–200	50–200	N/A
Titanium alloys	4·4	N/A	550–985	420–780	100–125	55–115	12–16
Pure magnesium (cast)	1·74	20–115	90–190	20·9 ± 2·3	41	15–40	13·0 ± 1·4
AZ31 (extruded)	1·78	83–97	241–260	125–135	45	N/A	7
AZ91D (die-cast)	1·81	160	230	150	45	N/A	3
WE43 (extruded – T5)	1·84	N/A	280	195	44	N/A	10
AM60B (die-cast)	1·78	130	220	N/A	45	N/A	6–8
Mg–6Zn	N/A	433·76 ± 1·40	279·5 ± 2·3	169·5 ± 3·6	42·36 ± 0·1	N/A	18·86 ± 0·80
Mg–1Ca (cast)	N/A	N/A	71·38 ± 3·01	N/A	N/A	N/A	1·876 ± 0·140
Mg–1Ca (rolled)	N/A	N/A	166·7 ± 3·01	N/A	N/A	N/A	3·00 ± 0·78
Mg–1Ca (extruded)	N/A	N/A	239·63 ± 7·21	N/A	135·6 ± 5·4	N/A	10·63 ± 0·64
Mg–0·6Ca	N/A	273·2 ± 6·1	N/A	114·4 ± 15·1	46·5 ± 0·6	N/A	N/A
Mg–1·2Ca	N/A	254·1 ± 7·9	N/A	96·5 ± 6·6	49·6 ± 0·9	N/A	N/A
Mg–1·6Ca	N/A	252·5 ± 3·3	N/A	93·7 ± 7·8	54·7 ± 2·4	N/A	N/A
Mg–2·0Ca	N/A	232·9 ± 3·7	N/A	73·1 ± 3·4	58·8 ± 1·2	N/A	N/A
Mg–2Sr (rolled)	N/A	N/A	213·3 ± 17·2	147·3 ± 13·1	N/A	N/A	3·15 ± 0·30
Mg–0·5Ca–0·5Sr	N/A	274·3 ± 7·2	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mg–1·0Ca–0·5Sr	N/A	274·2 ± 4·0	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mg–0·1Ca–1·0Sr	N/A	214·5 ± 3·5	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mg–1Zn–1Mn (cast)	N/A	N/A	174	44	N/A	N/A	12

long., longitudinal; N/A, not available; trans., transverse

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