Summary of the pathophysiology and toxicology of magnesium and commonly used alloying elements83
| Element | Amount in the human body | Blood serum level | Pathophysiology | Toxicology | Daily allowance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium | 25 g | 0·9 mmol/l | Activator of many enzymes; coregulator of protein synthesis and muscle contraction; stabilizer of DNA and RNA | Almost no evidence indicates toxicity of magnesium | 0·7 g |
| Aluminum | <300 mg | 2·1–4·8 μg | — | Neurotoxic and accumulates in bone | — |
| Zinc | 2 g | 46 μmol/l | Essential trace element; appears in all enzyme classes | Neurotoxic and hinders bone development at higher concentration | 15 mg |
| Calcium | 1100 g | 1·3 mmol/l | Most abundant mineral and mainly stored in bone and teeth; participates in blood clotting; activator or stabilizer of enzymes | Calcium metabolism disorder; kidney stones | 0·8 g |
| Manganese | 12 mg | 1 μmol/l | Essential trace element; activator of enzymes; manganese deficiency is related to osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis | Excessive manganese results in neurotoxicity | 4 mg |
| Zirconium | <250 mg | Total < 250 mg | — | High concentration in liver and gall bladder | 3·5 mg |
| Lithium | — | 2–4 ng/g | Used in the treatment of manic-depressive psychoses | Reduced kidney function and central nervous system disorders | 0·2–0·6 mg |
| Yttrium and REs | — | <47 μg | Compound of drugs for treatment of cancer | Accumulation in bone and liver | — |
| Silicon | — | — | Cross-linking agent of connective tissue base membrane structures; necessary for growth and bone calcification | Excessive silicon dioxide (SiO2) causes lung diseases | — |
| Element | Amount in the human body | Blood serum level | Pathophysiology | Toxicology | Daily allowance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium | 25 g | 0·9 mmol/l | Activator of many enzymes; coregulator of protein synthesis and muscle contraction; stabilizer of DNA and RNA | Almost no evidence indicates toxicity of magnesium | 0·7 g |
| Aluminum | <300 mg | 2·1–4·8 μg | — | Neurotoxic and accumulates in bone | — |
| Zinc | 2 g | 46 μmol/l | Essential trace element; appears in all enzyme classes | Neurotoxic and hinders bone development at higher concentration | 15 mg |
| Calcium | 1100 g | 1·3 mmol/l | Most abundant mineral and mainly stored in bone and teeth; participates in blood clotting; activator or stabilizer of enzymes | Calcium metabolism disorder; kidney stones | 0·8 g |
| Manganese | 12 mg | 1 μmol/l | Essential trace element; activator of enzymes; manganese deficiency is related to osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis | Excessive manganese results in neurotoxicity | 4 mg |
| Zirconium | <250 mg | Total < 250 mg | — | High concentration in liver and gall bladder | 3·5 mg |
| Lithium | — | 2–4 ng/g | Used in the treatment of manic-depressive psychoses | Reduced kidney function and central nervous system disorders | 0·2–0·6 mg |
| Yttrium and REs | — | <47 μg | Compound of drugs for treatment of cancer | Accumulation in bone and liver | — |
| Silicon | — | — | Cross-linking agent of connective tissue base membrane structures; necessary for growth and bone calcification | Excessive silicon dioxide (SiO2) causes lung diseases | — |
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