Table 1

Conceptualization of value co-creation

YearConceptDefinitionAuthors
2004Co-creation of valueThe process of involving the actions of both a provider and a consumer through which experience is createdPrahalad and Ramaswamy (2004) 
2011Co-creation, a practice-theory“… we thus conceive of practices as background coping skills that simultaneously limit and enable interactions between provider and customer” (p. 355)Echeverri and Skålén (2011) 
2012Value co-creation“… value co-creation behavior as a multidimensional concept consisting of two higher-order factors, each made up of multiple dimensions. These two factors are customer participation behavior and customer citizenship behavior” (p. 5)Yi and Gong (2013) 
2015Co-created service experience practices“… our conceptualization that service experiences are experiential, relational activities and interactions developed with the customer and potentially other actors … ” (p. 271)McColl-Kennedy et al. (2015) 
2016Value creation“ … value creation has been studied at least on four levels: at firm-level, within dyadic relationships, as well as in networks and ecosystems (Frow et al., 2014)” (p. 9)Kohtamäki and Rajala (2016) 
2016Co-creation practicesActivities classified into three dimensionsMarcos-Cuevas et al. (2016) 
Linking
Materializing
Institutionalizing
2016Co-creation activitiesIn theoretical terms, this research study contributes by studying the ways in which companies might foster the co-creation process by raising customer resource levelsAlves et al. (2016) 
2018Value co-creation“ … all-round involvement of consumers in the entire corporate processes (CEB) and a high sense of belonging to the firm supplier (commitment) encourage value co-creation” (p. 151)Botti et al. (2018) 
2018Co-creation value (CCV)“ … we define CCV as the actors' appraisal of the meaningfulness of a service by assessing what is contributed and what is realized through collaboration” (p. 72)Busser and Shulga (2018) 
2022Value co-creation-“Following previous studies, we consider value co-creation as a multidimensional concept that includes linking and materializing activities to be analyzed in international B2B contexts in its relationship with ‘virtual’ engagement”The authors

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