Table II.

Entrepreneur competencies and their cognitive and non-cognitive relationships

TopicSubtopicMain resourceInterpretation
Cognitive competencies
KnowledgeMental models(Kraiger, et al., 1993)Knowledge on how to do things without resources, risk models or probability
Declarative knowledge(Kraiger, et al., 1993)Basic concepts of entrepreneurship, value creation, generation of ideas, opportunities, accounting, finance, technology, marketing, risk, etc
Self-knowledge(Kraiger, et al., 1993)Knowledge of the personal adjustment between being an entrepreneur and being a business person
SkillsMarketing skills(Fisher, et al., 2008)Conducting market studies, market evaluation, marketing of products and services, persuasion, getting people excited about their ideas, dealing with customers and communicating a vision
Resource skills(Fisher, et al., 2008)Creating a business plan, creating a financial plan, obtaining financing and ensuring access to resources
Opportunity skills(Fisher, et al., 2008)Recognizing and acting on business opportunities, and other types of opportunities, product/service/concept development skills
Interpersonal skills(Fisher, et al., 2008)Leadership, motivating others, managing people, listening, solving conflicts and socializing
Learning skills(Fisher, et al., 2008)Active learning, adaptation to new situations and facing uncertainty
Strategy skills(Fisher, et al., 2008)Establishing priorities (set goals) and focusing on those goals, defining a vision, developing a strategy and identifying strategic partners
Non-cognitive competencies
AttitudesEntrepreneurial passion(Fisher, et al., 2008)“I want.” A need for achievement
Self-efficacy(Fisher, et al., 2008)“I can.” A belief in the capacity to perform certain tasks successfully
Entrepreneurial identity(Krueger, 2005; Krueger, 2007)“I am/I value.” Deep beliefs, identity of roles and values
Proactivity(Sánchez, 2011; Murnieks, 2007)“I do.” Action-based, initiator and proactive
Tolerance to ambiguity and uncertainty(Sánchez, 2011; Murnieks, 2007)“I dare.” Being comfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity, adaptive and open to surprises
Innovation(Krueger, 2005; Murnieks, 2007)“I believe.” New thoughts/actions, unpredictable, radical change, innovator, visionary, creative and breaks the rules
Perseverance(Markman et al., 2005; Cotton, 1991)“I will win.” Capacity to overcome adverse circumstances
Source: Authors, based on Lackéus (2015, p. 13)

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