Table 1.

Summary of contradictions in extant hysteresis research

AuthorCountryPeriodMethodValidity
Khraief et al. (2020) 29 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries1980–2013Harvey et al. (2008) linearity unit root test and ESTAR non-linear unit root test suggested by Kruse (2011)The hysteresis hypothesis is rejected
Yaya et al. (2019) 42 African countries1991–2017Fourier ADF testThe hysteresis hypothesis is confirmed for seven countries
Bechný (2019) Czech Republic1999–2016Bayesian approachThe hysteresis hypothesis is accepted
Albulescu and Tiwari (2018) 8 European Union (EU) countries1965–2013Cavaliere and Xu’s (2014) unit root testsThe hysteresis hypothesis is accepted
Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2018) USA1976–2016Non-linear quantile unit root testFor 19 states hysteresis hypothesis is confirmed
Meng et al. (2017) 14 OECD countries1983–2013Fourier ADF testFor 4 countries hysteresis hypothesis is confirmed
Akdogan (2017) 31 European countries, the USA and Japan Linear and non-linear unit root testsThe hysteresis hypothesis is rejected for 60% of the countries
Furuoka (2017a) 5 European countries1991–2015SUR–FADF procedureThe hysteresis hypothesis is accepted (except Spain)
Furuoka (2017b) 4 Nordic countries2000–2014FADF–SB testThe hysteresis hypothesis is not confirmed
Guris et al. (2017) Turkey1970–2014Non-linear unit root tests Kapetanios et al. (2003) and Kruse (2011)The hysteresis hypothesis is not confirmed
Garcia-Cintado et al. (2015) 17 Spanish regions1976–2014Unit root tests with breaksThe hysteresis hypothesis is confirmed
Furuoka (2014) 14 regions of the Czech Republic2005–2013SURADF/FADF procedureFor nine regions hypothesis is confirmed. While for five regions hypothesis is rejected
Bolat et al. (2014) 17 Eurozone countries2000–2013Non-linear panel unit root test by Ucar and Omay (2009) For six countries hysteresis effect is confirmed
Gozgor (2013) CEE countries1998–2012Panel unit root testThe hysteresis hypothesis is confirmed
Cheng et al. (2014) PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain) countries1960–2011Fourier unit root test proposed by Enders and Lee (2012) The hysteresis in unemployment is confirmed
Cheng et al. (2012) 51 US states1976–2010PANIC method and recursive mean adjustment (RMA) methodsThe hysteresis in unemployment is confirmed
Chang (2011)17 OECD countries1960–2009Becker et al. (2006) stationary test with a Fourier functionThe hysteresis in unemployment is confirmed for 11 countries
Chang and Lee (2011) G-7 countries1992–2008Caner and Hansen’s (2001) threshold unit root testThe hysteresis in unemployment is confirmed for France, Germany and Italy
Lee et al. (2010) 9 East Asian economies.1976–2004Lee and Strazicich’s (2003) minimum LM testThe hysteresis hypothesis is confirmed
Lee et al. (2009) 19 OECD countries1960–2004The panel LM unit root tests with heterogeneous structural breaksThe hysteresis hypothesis is not confirmed
Lin et al. (2008) 16 OECD countries1970–2005Caner and Hansen (2001) threshold unit root testsFor Denmark and Portugal the hysteresis hypothesis is accepted
Camarero et al. (2008) 8 transition economies1991–2003Panel unit root testsThe hysteresis hypothesis is not confirmed
Gomes and da Silva (2008) Brazil and Chile1980 2002Lee and Strazicich’s (2003) LM unit root testThe hysteresis hypothesis is accepted in case of both countries
1982–2004
Romero-Ávila and Usabiaga (2007) Spain and USA1976–2004LM unit root testsThe hysteresis hypothesis for Spain is accepted. For US structuralist hypothesis is accepted
León-Ledesma and McAdam (2004) 12 CEE and 15 EU countries1991–2001Univariate and panel unit root tests with and without breaksThe hysteresis hypothesis is not confirmed
Camarero and Tamarit (2004) 19 OECD countries1956–2001ADF-type panel unit root tests in a SURE frameworkThe hysteresis hypothesis is valid only for seven countries
Feve et al. (2003) 17 OECD countries1966–1999Unit root testFor nine countries the hysteresis hypothesis is accepted
Røed (1996) 16 OECD countries1970–1994Exact maximum likelihood stationarity testFor 15 countries the hysteresis hypothesis is accepted (except USA)
Blanchard and Summers (1986) France, Germany, the UK and the US1953–1984DF/ADF unit root testsThe hysteresis hypothesis is accepted (except USA)

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