Results of the estimations. Standard error in brackets
| Explanatory variables | Germany | Denmark | Hungary | Italy | Portugal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment variable | |||||
| Parents read | 6.599** (3.336) | 5.372** (2.725) | 4.586 (2.956) | 4.183*** (1.462) | 6.591** (2.964) |
| Control variables | |||||
| Children read | 3.061 (3.551) | 11.710*** (3.337) | 9.535*** (2.956) | 11.213*** (1.740) | 11.087*** (3.083) |
| Female | 56.491*** (3.253) | 43.431*** (3.198) | 48.442*** (2.784) | 56.762*** (1.549) | 46.389*** (2.703) |
| Immigrant 0 | (Reference Category) | ||||
| Immigrant 1 | 6.698 (7.050) | 16.420* (9.490) | 8.863 (8.505) | −4.550 (8.487) | 15.126* (8.615) |
| Immigrant 2 | 5.740 (8.981) | 15.258 (16.093) | −8.602 (11.550) | −7.956* (4.729) | −3.061 (11.664) |
| Early childhood Education level 0 | (Reference category) | ||||
| Early childhood Education level 1 | 3.164 (8.118) | −14.589 (12.634) | −12.115 (10.561) | 4.114 (3.921) | 1.209 (3.821) |
| Repetition 0 | (Reference Category) | ||||
| Repetition 1 | 5.254 (5.944) | −11.169 (20.182) | −2.607 (8.261) | −5.537 (4.500) | 6.654 (5.558) |
| Repetition 2 | 52.157** (20.474) | −68.884* (38.917) | −8.625 (13.500) | 0.257 (23.536) | 15.899 (12.193) |
| Parent’s education level 0 | (Reference Category) | ||||
| Parent’s education level 1 | −0.381 (11.804) | 3.771 (6.614) | 2.959 (3.327) | 8.620*** (2.091) | 0.271 (3.247) |
| Parent’s education level 2 | 1.753 (4.188) | 3.970 (5.771) | 3.156 (4.501) | 7.218*** (2.764) | −1.765 (6.357) |
| Parent’s education level 3 | −9.697** (4.714) | 6.453 (5.182) | 1.133 (4.097) | 9.566*** (2.237) | −12.773*** (4.581) |
| Language at home 0 | (Reference category) | ||||
| Language at home 1 | −6.831 (8.049) | −12.575 (10.997) | 10.914 (13.163) | −10.193 (3.157)*** | −18.595 (12.500) |
| N = 1,640 | N = 1,875 | N = 2,485 | N = 13,302 | N = 2,372 | |
| R2 = 0.250 | R2 = 0.175 | R2 = 0.251 | R2 = 0.247 | R2 = 0.195 | |
| Explanatory variables | Germany | Denmark | Hungary | Italy | Portugal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents read | 4.586 (2.956) | ||||
| Children read | 3.061 (3.551) | 11.710 | 9.535 | 11.213 | 11.087 |
| Female | 56.491 | 43.431 | 48.442 | 56.762 | 46.389 |
| (Reference Category) | |||||
| Immigrant 1 | 6.698 (7.050) | 16.420 | 8.863 (8.505) | −4.550 (8.487) | 15.126 |
| Immigrant 2 | 5.740 (8.981) | 15.258 (16.093) | −8.602 (11.550) | −7.956 | −3.061 (11.664) |
| (Reference category) | |||||
| 3.164 (8.118) | −14.589 (12.634) | −12.115 (10.561) | 4.114 (3.921) | 1.209 (3.821) | |
| (Reference Category) | |||||
| Repetition 1 | 5.254 (5.944) | −11.169 (20.182) | −2.607 (8.261) | −5.537 (4.500) | 6.654 (5.558) |
| Repetition 2 | 52.157 | −68.884 | −8.625 (13.500) | 0.257 (23.536) | 15.899 (12.193) |
| (Reference Category) | |||||
| Parent’s education level 1 | −0.381 (11.804) | 3.771 (6.614) | 2.959 (3.327) | 8.620 | 0.271 (3.247) |
| Parent’s education level 2 | 1.753 (4.188) | 3.970 (5.771) | 3.156 (4.501) | 7.218 | −1.765 (6.357) |
| Parent’s education level 3 | −9.697 | 6.453 (5.182) | 1.133 (4.097) | 9.566 | −12.773 |
| (Reference category) | |||||
| Language at home 1 | −6.831 (8.049) | −12.575 (10.997) | 10.914 (13.163) | −10.193 (3.157)*** | −18.595 (12.500) |
Notes: N = sample size;
*** p < 0.01;
** p < 0.05;
* p < 0.1