Bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels are defined as ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1. G stands for linguistic diversity; P = Linguistic polarization; ALC = Index of absolute linguistic clustering; POP = Population; LFPR = Labor force participation rate; WTA = Ratio of the number of workers to the number of economically active population; PRIM = Teacher to pupil ratio in primary schools; UPRIV = Professors to students ratio in private universities and USTATE = Professors to students ratio in state universities. FORSHARE is the ratio of the forests to the provinces’ total areas; FISHARE = The percentage of households employed in the fishery sector; PADDY = Yield rate of rice paddy fields; CASSAVA = Cassava yield rates; SWEET = Sweet potato yield rates; BUDGET is the ratio of the provincial government’s budget balance to the value of regional GDP and TROPEN is the ratio of the freight in tons loaded and unloaded in the provinces’ ports that either originates abroad or is destined to be shipped abroad to the total weight of the loaded and unloaded cargo