Table II. Yagi antenna: optimization...

Table II.

Yagi antenna: optimization cost breakdown

Cost item	Surrogate model domain
Cost item	X_S (this work)	Hypercube [l^,u^]
Extreme points	280 × R	160 × R
Data acquisition for kriging surrogate	100 × R	1,600 × R
MOEA optimization^a	N/A	N/A
Refinement	30 × R	30 × R
Total cost^b	410 × R (27 h)	1,790 × R (118 h)

Cost item	Surrogate model domain
Cost item	X_S (this work)	Hypercube [l^,u^]
Extreme points	280 × R	160 × R
Data acquisition for kriging surrogate	100 × R	1,600 × R
MOEA optimization^a	N/A	N/A
Refinement	30 × R	30 × R
Total cost^b	410 × R (27 h)	1,790 × R (118 h)

Notes:

^aThe cost of MOEA optimization is negligible compared to other stages of the process; ^bthe total cost is expressed in terms of the equivalent number of EM simulations

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