Table 1 Sub-types of legitimacy, their... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Sub-types of legitimacy, their durability and ease of establishment, and associated legitimation strategies

Type of legitimacy	PRAGMATIC	MORAL	COGNITIVE
Sub-types of legitimacy	Exchange: legitimacy based on the perceived benefits or value of the practice (Suchman, 1995; Kumar and Das, 2007)	Consequential; the practice is perceived as “doing things right” by achieving valued and desired results (Brinkerhoff, 2005, p.3)	Comprehensibility; the practice accords with a larger belief system and with the experienced reality of the audience’s daily life (Suchman, 1995, p.582)
	Influence: belief that the practice is responsive to the larger interest of the audience (Brinkerhoff, 2005)	Procedural; derived from “doing things the right way” by following socially valued or validated practices; particularly important in the absence of measurable outcomes (Suchman, 1995; Brinkerhoff, 2005)	Taken-for-grantedness; the practice is seen as a fact of life.
	Dispositional; positive characteristics such as “trustworthy” attributed to the practice (Suchman, 1995, p.578)	Structural; the practice is “right for the job” i.e., it has the capacity to perform specific types of work (Suchman, 1995, p. 581, Brinkerhoff, 2005, p. 3)
		Personal; attributing moral legitimacy to a practice because of the perceived personal legitimacy of the representative promoting it (Brinkerhoff, 2005)
Durability	Low	↔	High
Ease and speed of establishment	Easy/Fast	↔	Difficult/Slow
Legitimation strategies for new practices
Conform: Conform to requirements of existing audiences	Show that the practices meet instrumental demands of key audiences; offer influence over the practices; trade on organisation's strong reputation in related fields	Show that practices produce socially desirable outcomes; associate practices with respected entities	Show that practices conform to established models or standards
Select: Pitch practices at new audiences	Identify and attract key audiences whose instrumental interests are addressed by the practices	Identity new audiences whose moral values accord with the practices	Appropriate a set of accepted standards in a related area
Manipulate: Create new audiences and new legitimating beliefs	Strategic communication to persuade key audiences to value, and to believe they can influence, the practices	Collective action by many organisations to socially construct an honourable image for the outputs of the new practices; establishing a record of technical success for the new practices	Encouraging isomorphism through the standardisation of practice; enhance comprehensibility of practices through lobbying, research, etc.

Type of legitimacy	PRAGMATIC	MORAL	COGNITIVE
Sub-types of legitimacy	Exchange: legitimacy based on the perceived benefits or value of the practice (Suchman, 1995; Kumar and Das, 2007)	Consequential; the practice is perceived as “doing things right” by achieving valued and desired results (Brinkerhoff, 2005, p.3)	Comprehensibility; the practice accords with a larger belief system and with the experienced reality of the audience’s daily life (Suchman, 1995, p.582)
	Influence: belief that the practice is responsive to the larger interest of the audience (Brinkerhoff, 2005)	Procedural; derived from “doing things the right way” by following socially valued or validated practices; particularly important in the absence of measurable outcomes (Suchman, 1995; Brinkerhoff, 2005)	Taken-for-grantedness; the practice is seen as a fact of life.
	Dispositional; positive characteristics such as “trustworthy” attributed to the practice (Suchman, 1995, p.578)	Structural; the practice is “right for the job” i.e., it has the capacity to perform specific types of work (Suchman, 1995, p. 581, Brinkerhoff, 2005, p. 3)
		Personal; attributing moral legitimacy to a practice because of the perceived personal legitimacy of the representative promoting it (Brinkerhoff, 2005)
Durability	Low	↔	High
Ease and speed of establishment	Easy/Fast	↔	Difficult/Slow
Legitimation strategies for new practices
Conform: Conform to requirements of existing audiences	Show that the practices meet instrumental demands of key audiences; offer influence over the practices; trade on organisation's strong reputation in related fields	Show that practices produce socially desirable outcomes; associate practices with respected entities	Show that practices conform to established models or standards
Select: Pitch practices at new audiences	Identify and attract key audiences whose instrumental interests are addressed by the practices	Identity new audiences whose moral values accord with the practices	Appropriate a set of accepted standards in a related area
Manipulate: Create new audiences and new legitimating beliefs	Strategic communication to persuade key audiences to value, and to believe they can influence, the practices	Collective action by many organisations to socially construct an honourable image for the outputs of the new practices; establishing a record of technical success for the new practices	Encouraging isomorphism through the standardisation of practice; enhance comprehensibility of practices through lobbying, research, etc.