Table 3 Taurine is known to play a...

Table 3

Taurine is known to play a pivotal role in a variety of physiological functions in the body and is believed to have considerable impacts on the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, muscular system and endocrine system in addition to other areas of the body

Physiological functions	Characteristics	Reference No.
Taurine as an antioxidant	Neutralizes hypochlorous acid (HOCl)	Baliou et al. (2021), Castelli et al. (2021)
	Attenuates endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress
	Prevents mitochondrial membrane permeability and apoptosis
Taurine in retinal development	Exerts neurotrophic effects on the retinal ganglion cells (RGC)	Veeravalli et al. (2020), Chesney et al. (2010)
	Enhances chloride influx into postsynaptic neurons
	Rescue the photoreceptors and ameliorate the visual impairments
Renal actions of taurine	Scavenge ROS (reactive oxygen species)	Inam et al. (2018), Han and Chesney (2012), Sun et al. (2016)
	Osmoregulatory characteristics have a cytoprotective influence
	Shows inhibitory effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways
	Suppresses the increased in lipid peroxidation and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
Anti-hypertensive action of taurine	Sympatholytic action on the central nervous system (CNS)	Han and Chesney (2012), Zhao et al. (2021), Lourenco and Camilo (2002)
	Block the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
	Minimizes the elevation in serum cytokine
	Reduces oxygen derived free radical generation
Anti-diabetic action of taurine	Boosts-up insulin sensitivity and secretion	Han and Chesney (2012), Nakaya et al. (2000)
	Reduces mitochondrial calcium overloading
	Prevents the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
	Stimulates insulin-independent glucose uptake
Taurine's role in brain development	Regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis	Chung et al. (2012), Ito et al. (2014)
	Prevents the impaired calcium handling in sensory neuron
	Supports the genesis & survival of neurons in the hippocampus
	Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in traumatic brain injury
Cardiovascular actions of taurine	Modulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis	Laidlaw et al. (1990), Zhao et al. (2021), Mousavi et al. (2020)
	Reduces the negative effects of norepinephrine
	Reduces the development of atherosclerotic lesion
	Prevents oxidant-mediated cardiomyocytes apoptosis
Taurine and aging	Maintains the excitation-contraction coupling of muscles	El Idrissi et al. (2013), Yoshimur et al. (2021), Suarez et al. (2016)
	Potentiates the rate of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium uptake
	Reduces the age-related reduction in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), offering beneficial effect as people got older
	Involves in the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
Taurine and neonatal development	Helps infants absorb fat from the gastrointestinal tract Human milk has a better neurodevelopmental outcome	Heird (2004), Chawla (2018)
Taurine in hair treatment	Have a role in the preservation of the human hair bulb	Collin et al. (2006), Kim et al. (2013)
Taurine in hair treatment	Effective in preventing hair loss caused by stress	Collin et al. (2006), Kim et al. (2013)
Taurine in muscular system	Increases skeletal muscle performance	De Luca et al. (2015), Spriet and Whitfield (2015), Kurtz et al. (2021)
	Decreases myotonic dystrophy
	Promotes glucose uptake and lipolysis
	Reduces mitochondrial apoptosis
	Decreases age-related sarcopenia

Physiological functions	Characteristics	Reference No.
Taurine as an antioxidant	Neutralizes hypochlorous acid (HOCl)	Baliou et al. (2021), Castelli et al. (2021)
	Attenuates endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress
	Prevents mitochondrial membrane permeability and apoptosis
Taurine in retinal development	Exerts neurotrophic effects on the retinal ganglion cells (RGC)	Veeravalli et al. (2020), Chesney et al. (2010)
	Enhances chloride influx into postsynaptic neurons
	Rescue the photoreceptors and ameliorate the visual impairments
Renal actions of taurine	Scavenge ROS (reactive oxygen species)	Inam et al. (2018), Han and Chesney (2012), Sun et al. (2016)
	Osmoregulatory characteristics have a cytoprotective influence
	Shows inhibitory effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways
	Suppresses the increased in lipid peroxidation and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
Anti-hypertensive action of taurine	Sympatholytic action on the central nervous system (CNS)	Han and Chesney (2012), Zhao et al. (2021), Lourenco and Camilo (2002)
	Block the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
	Minimizes the elevation in serum cytokine
	Reduces oxygen derived free radical generation
Anti-diabetic action of taurine	Boosts-up insulin sensitivity and secretion	Han and Chesney (2012), Nakaya et al. (2000)
	Reduces mitochondrial calcium overloading
	Prevents the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
	Stimulates insulin-independent glucose uptake
Taurine's role in brain development	Regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis	Chung et al. (2012), Ito et al. (2014)
	Prevents the impaired calcium handling in sensory neuron
	Supports the genesis & survival of neurons in the hippocampus
	Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in traumatic brain injury
Cardiovascular actions of taurine	Modulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis	Laidlaw et al. (1990), Zhao et al. (2021), Mousavi et al. (2020)
	Reduces the negative effects of norepinephrine
	Reduces the development of atherosclerotic lesion
	Prevents oxidant-mediated cardiomyocytes apoptosis
Taurine and aging	Maintains the excitation-contraction coupling of muscles	El Idrissi et al. (2013), Yoshimur et al. (2021), Suarez et al. (2016)
	Potentiates the rate of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium uptake
	Reduces the age-related reduction in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), offering beneficial effect as people got older
	Involves in the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
Taurine and neonatal development	Helps infants absorb fat from the gastrointestinal tract Human milk has a better neurodevelopmental outcome	Heird (2004), Chawla (2018)
Taurine in hair treatment	Have a role in the preservation of the human hair bulb	Collin et al. (2006), Kim et al. (2013)
Taurine in hair treatment	Effective in preventing hair loss caused by stress	Collin et al. (2006), Kim et al. (2013)
Taurine in muscular system	Increases skeletal muscle performance	De Luca et al. (2015), Spriet and Whitfield (2015), Kurtz et al. (2021)
	Decreases myotonic dystrophy
	Promotes glucose uptake and lipolysis
	Reduces mitochondrial apoptosis
	Decreases age-related sarcopenia

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