Table 10

The results of the heterogeneity variance test

Test nameX2 statisticp-value
Breusch–Pagan21.770.000

Note(s): Table 10 shows heterogeneity variance among disruptive components. Regarding the obtained results in Table 10, the Chi-Square statistic is 21.77 higher than the table value at 99%, so the null hypothesis for variance homogeneity is rejected. Therefore, the first model’s disruptive component is heterogeneous variance

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