Table 12

The results of T+1 model estimation for auditor’s report readability

VariableCoefficientStandard deviationZ statisticp-value
AuditNA−4.1152.028−2.030.043
AuditCON−1.1330.541−2.100.036
AuditSIZE−5.5422.882−1.920.055
AuditCHANGE−2.4491.118−2.190.036
AuditFEE0.0010.0012.240.025
AuditIND10.1242.6653.800.000
AuditTENURE−6.5604.291−1.530.126
MB0.1710.0971.770.077
SIZE−8.765.18−1.690.091
LEV−0.1240.029−4.260.000
ROA1.8110.7192.520.012
AGE0.1870.1291.450.148
GROWTH0.0460.0261.730.085
_cons16.71013.1191.270.203
Adjusted R20.4204   
Wald χ224.94   
p-value0.023   

Note(s): Table 12 shows the T+1 regression used to assess the model’s delayed effect of descriptive variables on the dependent variable. Table 12 shows these variables’ effects to obtain the model’s coefficients of descriptive variables using the fixed/random effects method. Since the probability level of these two variables is 0.043 and 0.036 and their coefficients are −4.115 and −1.133, the regression results show a negative and significant relationship (at 95% level) between narcissism self-confidence and auditor’s report readability of the upcoming period. Further, audit firms’ size, mandatory change of auditor, firm size, and financial leverage negatively and significantly affect the auditor’s report readability in the upcoming period. Moreover, the AuditFEE, auditor industry specialization, market value to book value of capital, return on assets, and firm sales growth in the current period have an incremental effect on the auditor’s report readability in the upcoming period

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