Summary of selected literature
| Study | Country/Group and data | Method | PPP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karfakis and Moschos (1989) | Greece (1975:Q1-1987:Q1) | DF | Not valid |
| Thom (1989) | Ireland (1980:M01-1987:M12) | ADF | Valid for UK and Germany |
| Abuaf and Jorion (1990) | 10 developed countries (1973:M01-1987:M01) | Panel unit root | Valid |
| Lothian and Taylor (1996) | France, UK, USA (1971-1990) | ADF and PP | Valid |
| Taylor (2002) | 20 developed and developing countries (1870-1990) | ADF and DF-GLS | Valid |
| Erlat (2003) | Turkey (1984:M01-2000:M09) | ADF Multiple Breaks | Not valid Valid |
| Narayan and Prasad (2005) | 11 Middle Eastern countries (1971:M01-1994:M04) | ADF One break ADF Two breaks ADF Panel Break LM | Valid for Lebanon, S. Arabia and Sudan Valid for S. Arabia, Iran, Syria, Tunisia and Sudan Valid for S. Arabia, Egypt, Iran, Syria, Tunisia and Sudan Valid for panel |
| Narayan and Narayan (2007) | Italy (1973:M01-2002:M12) | Threshold unit root test | Valid |
| Bahmani-Oskooee et al. (2009) | 52 countries (1994:M01-2000:M06) | ADF Non-linear KSS | Valid for 11 countries Valid for 28 countries |
| Su et al. (2011) | 15 Latin American countries (1994:M12-2010:M02) | ADF, PP, KPSS, and KSS Fourier-KPSS | Not valid Valid for Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Uruguay |
| Chang et al. (2012) | 7 CEE countries (1993:M01-2008:M12) | ADF, PP and KPSS Fourier-LM | Not valid Valid |
| Mladenović et al. (2013) | Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Serbia (2000:M01-2011:M08) | ADF, DF-GLS, KPSS Two breaks LM | Not valid Valid for Hungary, Turkey, Poland, Romania and Serbia |
| Drissi and Boukhatem (2020) | 14 Developed countries 9 EM countries (1988:Q1–2018:Q2) | ADF Nonlinear KSS | Valid for 10 developed and 2 EM countries Valid for all countries |
| Aixalá et al. (2020) | Spain (1868–1914) | Non-linear KSS, Nonlinear-ESTAR, Fourier-ESTAR | Valid |
| Study | Country/Group and data | Method | PPP |
|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | DF | Not valid | |
| Ireland | ADF | Valid for UK and Germany | |
| 10 developed countries | Panel unit root | Valid | |
| France, UK, USA | ADF and PP | Valid | |
| 20 developed and developing countries | ADF and DF-GLS | Valid | |
| Turkey | ADF | Not valid | |
| 11 Middle Eastern countries | ADF | Valid for Lebanon, S. Arabia and Sudan | |
| Italy | Threshold unit root test | Valid | |
| 52 countries | ADF | Valid for 11 countries | |
| 15 Latin American countries | ADF, PP, KPSS, and KSS | Not valid | |
| 7 CEE countries | ADF, PP and KPSS | Not valid | |
| Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Turkey, and Serbia | ADF, DF-GLS, KPSS | Not valid | |
| 14 Developed countries | ADF | Valid for 10 developed and 2 EM countries | |
| Spain | Non-linear KSS, Nonlinear-ESTAR, Fourier-ESTAR | Valid |