Table A4 Export effect in the labour and...

Table A4

Export effect in the labour and capital efficiencies of firms

	Panel A: Labour efficiency						Panel B: Capital efficiency
	2006			2019			2006			2019
	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
$α$	−3.784	−5.646	−9.257	−0.333	−0.56804	0.551	46.644***	7.547	8.175	56.26***	38.408	35.781***
W*EFF	0.078***	0.075***	0.069***	0.007***	0.007***	0.008***	0.181***	0.111***	0.111***	0.094***	0.092***	0.086***
GIL	−0.471**	−0.495**	−0.469**	0.187	0.241	0.198	−0.645*	−0.711**	−0.714**	−1.228***	−1.052**	−1.245***
CMAN	−0.271	−0.202***	−0.230***	0.014	0.013	0.017	−0.756	−0.514	−0.489	0.442	0.429	0.439
AGL	0.252		0.243	−0.699***		−0.579*	1.515		0.824**	0.016		−0.363
QCT	2.103***		2.262***	1.462**		1.451**	−3.581***		−2.547**	3.662***		3.599***
EAI	3.407		3.861***	0.531		0.486	−5.692		−2.928***	2.981***		3.495
PDOM		4.271	5.51286		−1.221	−1.294		46.435***	45.112***		20.505***	22.690***
PFOR		4.314***	4.149***		−0.468	−0.838		35.354***	35.499***		18.923	20.236
GOV		4.019	3.636		5.946	5.572		50.590	50.371		14.292*	15.126*
GIL*E	−0.189	−0.302	−0.296	−0.717	−0.816*	−0.729	−0.127	−0.275	−0.171	0.311	0.367	0.308
CMAN*E	−0.094	−0.169	−0.147	0.136	0.149	0.122	0.355**	0.209	0.122	−0.292*	−0.294*	−0.251
AGL*E	1.248***		0.530	0.691**		0.319	1.293		0.341	0.324		0.995
QCT*E	−1.634		−2.212*	−2.855**		−3.033***	6.921**		6.003***	0.710		0.858
EAI*E	−2.856**		−4.081***	−0.530		−0.726	1.564		−2.221	2.283		2.072
PDOM*E		2.408***	2.640		0.264	0.862		4.278***	3.800		3.688***	−2.112
PFOR*E		4.223***	6.101***		2.414	3.318		16.218	14.721***		5.850**	0.608
GOV*E		6.542	8.112		7.601	9.037		14.887	13.720		31.567**	23.895*

	Panel A: Labour efficiency						Panel B: Capital efficiency
	2006			2019			2006			2019
	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
$α$	−3.784	−5.646	−9.257	−0.333	−0.56804	0.551	46.644***	7.547	8.175	56.26***	38.408	35.781***
W*EFF	0.078***	0.075***	0.069***	0.007***	0.007***	0.008***	0.181***	0.111***	0.111***	0.094***	0.092***	0.086***
GIL	−0.471**	−0.495**	−0.469**	0.187	0.241	0.198	−0.645*	−0.711**	−0.714**	−1.228***	−1.052**	−1.245***
CMAN	−0.271	−0.202***	−0.230***	0.014	0.013	0.017	−0.756	−0.514	−0.489	0.442	0.429	0.439
AGL	0.252		0.243	−0.699***		−0.579*	1.515		0.824**	0.016		−0.363
QCT	2.103***		2.262***	1.462**		1.451**	−3.581***		−2.547**	3.662***		3.599***
EAI	3.407		3.861***	0.531		0.486	−5.692		−2.928***	2.981***		3.495
PDOM		4.271	5.51286		−1.221	−1.294		46.435***	45.112***		20.505***	22.690***
PFOR		4.314***	4.149***		−0.468	−0.838		35.354***	35.499***		18.923	20.236
GOV		4.019	3.636		5.946	5.572		50.590	50.371		14.292*	15.126*
GIL*E	−0.189	−0.302	−0.296	−0.717	−0.816*	−0.729	−0.127	−0.275	−0.171	0.311	0.367	0.308
CMAN*E	−0.094	−0.169	−0.147	0.136	0.149	0.122	0.355**	0.209	0.122	−0.292*	−0.294*	−0.251
AGL*E	1.248***		0.530	0.691**		0.319	1.293		0.341	0.324		0.995
QCT*E	−1.634		−2.212*	−2.855**		−3.033***	6.921**		6.003***	0.710		0.858
EAI*E	−2.856**		−4.081***	−0.530		−0.726	1.564		−2.221	2.283		2.072
PDOM*E		2.408***	2.640		0.264	0.862		4.278***	3.800		3.688***	−2.112
PFOR*E		4.223***	6.101***		2.414	3.318		16.218	14.721***		5.850**	0.608
GOV*E		6.542	8.112		7.601	9.037		14.887	13.720		31.567**	23.895*

Note(s): The Table presents the results of estimating the equation below ${EFF}_{i}^{j} = α_{0} + γ \sum_{i = 1}^{N} w_{j, i} {EFF}_{i} + β^{1} {CMAN}_{j} + β^{2} {QCT}_{j} + β^{3} {EAS}_{j} + β^{4} P D O M_{j} + β^{5} P F O R_{j} + β^{6} G O V_{j} + β^{7} {AGL}_{j} + β^{8} {GIL}_{j} + E_{j} (λ^{1} {CMAN}_{j} + λ^{2} {QCT}_{j} + λ^{3} {EAS}_{j} + λ^{4} P D O M_{j} + λ^{5} P F O R_{j} + λ^{6} G O V_{j} + λ^{7} {AGL}_{j} + λ^{8} {GIL}_{j}) + μ_{j} + ε_{j}$

$EFF = efficiency, QCERT = quality certification, CMAN = crime management, GIL = Log of graft indexAGL = \log of {firm}^{'} sage, a = intercept, EA S = External auditor involvement,$

$γ = the spatial autocorrelation coefficient, μ = spatial specific effects, GOV = government ownership, β = non - exporting firms coefficients, λ = exporting firms coefficients,$

$PDOM = private domestic ownership, PFOR = private foreign ownership, w_{j, i} = element of the adjacency matrix W . E = exports dummy .$ It takes the value of 1 for exporting firms and 0 otherwise. Firms are classified into exporting and non-exporting in the database

***, ** and * are 1, 5 and 10% significant levels respectively

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