Table 1 Main constructs from literature... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Main constructs from literature applied in the study

Concept	Concept	Reference
Traceability	“The ability to follow the movement of a food through specified stage(s) of production, processing and distribution”	Codex Alimentarius (2006)
Traceability	“The ability to trace and follow a food, feed, food producing animal or substance intended to be, or expected to be incorporated into a food or feed, through all the stages of production, processing and distribution”	European Commission (2002)
Traceability for sustainability	“Ability to combine SC information sharing and visibility […] for operational reasons and to ensure the reliability of sustainability claims”	Garcia-Torres et al. (2019)
Simple traceability systems	Includes operational information and product information that is traced by means of documentation	Canavari et al. (2010), Dabbene et al. (2014)
Advanced traceability systems	Involve operational and strategic information. Tracing and tracking is recorded in databases developed by the companies themselves or by external organizations. e.g. certification entities
Integrated traceability systems	Involve operational and strategic information. A system that allows all the actors in the supply chain to input information into a common platform. An administrator is appointed to keeping consistency and control
Legitimacy	“Generalized perception or assumption that actions or an entity are desirable, proper or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs and definitions”	Schuman (1995, p. 574)
Legitimacy	Legitimacy exists whenever an organization's actions are in accordance with societal expectations	Alrazi et al. (2015)
Pragmatic legitimacy	It refers to the exchange between companies and their stakeholders as long as stakeholders receive a direct or indirect benefit	Schuman (1995), Castelló and Lozano (2011), Alrazi et al. (2015)
Cognitive legitimacy	It refers to an organization being consistent with stakeholders' expectations. It is the most powerful source of legitimacy and the most difficult to influence
Moral legitimacy	It refers to the “right thing to do” as judged by the stakeholders' beliefs. This form of legitimacy is considered to be more resistant to manipulation than pragmatic legitimacy

Concept	Concept	Reference
Traceability	“The ability to follow the movement of a food through specified stage(s) of production, processing and distribution”	Codex Alimentarius (2006)
Traceability	“The ability to trace and follow a food, feed, food producing animal or substance intended to be, or expected to be incorporated into a food or feed, through all the stages of production, processing and distribution”	European Commission (2002)
Traceability for sustainability	“Ability to combine SC information sharing and visibility […] for operational reasons and to ensure the reliability of sustainability claims”	Garcia-Torres et al. (2019)
Simple traceability systems	Includes operational information and product information that is traced by means of documentation	Canavari et al. (2010), Dabbene et al. (2014)
Advanced traceability systems	Involve operational and strategic information. Tracing and tracking is recorded in databases developed by the companies themselves or by external organizations. e.g. certification entities
Integrated traceability systems	Involve operational and strategic information. A system that allows all the actors in the supply chain to input information into a common platform. An administrator is appointed to keeping consistency and control
Legitimacy	“Generalized perception or assumption that actions or an entity are desirable, proper or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs and definitions”	Schuman (1995, p. 574)
Legitimacy	Legitimacy exists whenever an organization's actions are in accordance with societal expectations	Alrazi et al. (2015)
Pragmatic legitimacy	It refers to the exchange between companies and their stakeholders as long as stakeholders receive a direct or indirect benefit	Schuman (1995), Castelló and Lozano (2011), Alrazi et al. (2015)
Cognitive legitimacy	It refers to an organization being consistent with stakeholders' expectations. It is the most powerful source of legitimacy and the most difficult to influence
Moral legitimacy	It refers to the “right thing to do” as judged by the stakeholders' beliefs. This form of legitimacy is considered to be more resistant to manipulation than pragmatic legitimacy