Certified food production and agrochemical use: fixed effects regression results
| Fertilizer | Pesticide | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (3) | |
| Certified production | ||||
| Certified production | 18.57 (1.580) | 4.566 (0.548) | 0.413 (0.865) | −0.215 (−0.537) |
| Certified duration | 5.041 (1.418) | 0.226* (1.864) | ||
| Selected explanatory variables | ||||
| Sown area | −0.448*** (−2.688) | −0.454*** (−2.754) | −0.00849* (−1.729) | −0.00873* (−1.804) |
| Sown area squared | 0.000493** (2.510) | 0.000498** (2.556) | 1.01e-05 (1.644) | 1.03e-05* (1.692) |
| Household labor per mu | −0.500 (−0.645) | −0.520 (−0.670) | 0.120** (2.427) | 0.119** (2.403) |
| Agro tools per mu | −0.624 (−0.760) | −0.647 (−0.792) | 0.0106 (0.189) | 0.00961 (0.171) |
| Machinery power per mu | 0.194** (2.588) | 0.188*** (2.664) | 0.00568*** (2.842) | 0.00541*** (2.654) |
| Green house % | 0.349*** (3.084) | 0.354*** (3.184) | 0.0209* (1.861) | 0.0211* (1.858) |
| Irrigation % | −0.0634 (−1.642) | −0.0643 (−1.662) | −0.000777 (−0.275) | −0.000813 (−0.289) |
| Agricultural as main income source | 4.063* (1.676) | 3.768 (1.641) | 0.190 (1.278) | 0.176 (1.188) |
| Non-cropping income | −0.0585* (−1.720) | −0.0563 (−1.627) | −0.00143 (−1.348) | −0.00132 (−1.273) |
| Fertilizer price | −14.28*** (−4.246) | −14.30*** (−4.257) | ||
| Pesticide price | −0.0414*** (−7.543) | −0.0415*** (−7.493) | ||
| Extension service | 0.138 (0.0295) | 0.385 (0.0821) | −0.861 (−1.606) | −0.850 (−1.590) |
| Staple crop subsidy | −9.759* (−1.773) | −9.288* (−1.771) | −0.214 (−0.644) | −0.193 (−0.604) |
| Crop structure | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 87.73*** (6.176) | 88.51*** (6.214) | 1.328* (1.773) | 1.364* (1.807) |
| Observations | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 |
| R2 | 0.101 | 0.103 | 0.034 | 0.034 |
| Fertilizer | Pesticide | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (3) | |
| Certified production | 18.57 (1.580) | 4.566 (0.548) | 0.413 (0.865) | −0.215 (−0.537) |
| Certified duration | 5.041 (1.418) | 0.226* (1.864) | ||
| Sown area | −0.448*** (−2.688) | −0.454*** (−2.754) | −0.00849* (−1.729) | −0.00873* (−1.804) |
| Sown area squared | 0.000493** (2.510) | 0.000498** (2.556) | 1.01e-05 (1.644) | 1.03e-05* (1.692) |
| Household labor per mu | −0.500 (−0.645) | −0.520 (−0.670) | 0.120** (2.427) | 0.119** (2.403) |
| Agro tools per mu | −0.624 (−0.760) | −0.647 (−0.792) | 0.0106 (0.189) | 0.00961 (0.171) |
| Machinery power per mu | 0.194** (2.588) | 0.188*** (2.664) | 0.00568*** (2.842) | 0.00541*** (2.654) |
| Green house % | 0.349*** (3.084) | 0.354*** (3.184) | 0.0209* (1.861) | 0.0211* (1.858) |
| Irrigation % | −0.0634 (−1.642) | −0.0643 (−1.662) | −0.000777 (−0.275) | −0.000813 (−0.289) |
| Agricultural as main income source | 4.063* (1.676) | 3.768 (1.641) | 0.190 (1.278) | 0.176 (1.188) |
| Non-cropping income | −0.0585* (−1.720) | −0.0563 (−1.627) | −0.00143 (−1.348) | −0.00132 (−1.273) |
| Fertilizer price | −14.28*** (−4.246) | −14.30*** (−4.257) | ||
| Pesticide price | −0.0414*** (−7.543) | −0.0415*** (−7.493) | ||
| Extension service | 0.138 (0.0295) | 0.385 (0.0821) | −0.861 (−1.606) | −0.850 (−1.590) |
| Staple crop subsidy | −9.759* (−1.773) | −9.288* (−1.771) | −0.214 (−0.644) | −0.193 (−0.604) |
| Crop structure | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 87.73*** (6.176) | 88.51*** (6.214) | 1.328* (1.773) | 1.364* (1.807) |
| Observations | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 |
| 0.101 | 0.103 | 0.034 | 0.034 | |
Notes: t-statistics in the parentheses. Standard errors are cluster-adjusted at the village level. *,**,***Significant 10, 5 and 1 percent level, respectively
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