Robustness checks
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fertilizer | Fertilizer | Pesticide | Pesticide | |
| (A) Balanced panel | ||||
| Certified production | 10.63 (1.065) | 10.49 (1.415) | 0.367 (0.838) | −0.188 (−0.516) |
| Certified duration | 0.0495 (0.0320) | 0.198*** (2.745) | ||
| Observations | 15,813 | 15,813 | 15,813 | 15,813 |
| R2 | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.044 | 0.044 |
| (B) Smallholding farmers | ||||
| Certified production | 18.38 (1.632) | 4.995 (0.590) | 0.388 (0.847) | −0.225 (−0.557) |
| Certified duration | 4.843 (1.416) | 0.222** (2.047) | ||
| Observations | 33,260 | 33,260 | 33,260 | 33,260 |
| R2 | 0.120 | 0.122 | 0.037 | 0.037 |
| (C) Household level | ||||
| Certified production | 26.90* (1.673) | 3.785 (0.371) | 0.839 (1.220) | −0.113 (−0.230) |
| Certified duration | 8.044 (1.494) | 0.331 (1.545) | ||
| Observations | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 |
| R2 | 0.104 | 0.108 | 0.034 | 0.035 |
| (D) Without crop structure | ||||
| Certified production | 21.44 (1.616) | 4.871 (0.603) | 0.581 (1.074) | −0.253 (−0.663) |
| Certified duration | 5.885 (1.511) | 0.296* (1.873) | ||
| Observations | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 |
| R2 | 0.081 | 0.084 | 0.030 | 0.031 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fertilizer | Fertilizer | Pesticide | Pesticide | |
| Certified production | 10.63 (1.065) | 10.49 (1.415) | 0.367 (0.838) | −0.188 (−0.516) |
| Certified duration | 0.0495 (0.0320) | 0.198*** (2.745) | ||
| Observations | 15,813 | 15,813 | 15,813 | 15,813 |
| 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.044 | 0.044 | |
| Certified production | 18.38 (1.632) | 4.995 (0.590) | 0.388 (0.847) | −0.225 (−0.557) |
| Certified duration | 4.843 (1.416) | 0.222** (2.047) | ||
| Observations | 33,260 | 33,260 | 33,260 | 33,260 |
| 0.120 | 0.122 | 0.037 | 0.037 | |
| Certified production | 26.90* (1.673) | 3.785 (0.371) | 0.839 (1.220) | −0.113 (−0.230) |
| Certified duration | 8.044 (1.494) | 0.331 (1.545) | ||
| Observations | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 |
| 0.104 | 0.108 | 0.034 | 0.035 | |
| Certified production | 21.44 (1.616) | 4.871 (0.603) | 0.581 (1.074) | −0.253 (−0.663) |
| Certified duration | 5.885 (1.511) | 0.296* (1.873) | ||
| Observations | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 | 34,569 |
| 0.081 | 0.084 | 0.030 | 0.031 | |
Notes: Control variables in each panel are the same as in Table II (except for Panel D, which exclude crop structure variables). Full regression results are available upon request. t-statistics in the parentheses, based on standard errors cluster-adjusted at village level. *,**,***Significant at 10, 5 and 1 percent level, respectively