Means and standard deviations of the items used in the structural equation model
| Construct | Variable | N | Mean | St. dev | Min | Max | Included in models4 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-materialism | ||||||||||
| Universalism (UN)1 – based on questions regarding human values: important that people are treated equally and have equal opportunities; important to understand different people; important to care for nature and environment | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.616 | 2.667 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Self-direction (SD)1 – based on questions regarding human values: important to think new ideas and being creative; important to make own decisions and be free | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.8 | −2.905 | 3.333 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Post-materialism (Oreg and Katz-Gerro, 2006) (/) | ||||||||||
| Highest priority in country: give people a greater say in important environmental decisions (Q3a/2)2 and highest priority in country: protect freedom of speech (Q3a/4)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
| Harmony (/) | ||||||||||
| Harmony3: fitting into the social and natural world, trying to appreciate and accept rather than to change, direct or exploit | 9,710 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 3.280 | 4.620 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Benevolence (/) | ||||||||||
| Benevolence (BE)1 – based on questions regarding human values: important to help people and care for others well-being; important to be loyal to friends and devote to people close | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.7 | −2.429 | 2.905 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Environmental concern (α = 0.59, ω = 0.61) | ||||||||||
| Worry about future environment (Q10a)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Worry: progress harming the environment (Q10c)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Perceived threat (general) (α = 0.73, ω = 0.71) | ||||||||||
| How dangerous for the environment – air pollution caused by industry (Q14b)2 | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – pesticides and chemicals used in farming (Q14c)2 | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – a rise in world temperatures caused by climate change (Q14e)2 | 9.710 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – modifying the genes of certain crops (Q14f)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – nuclear power stations (Q14g)2 | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Perceived threat (specific) (/) | ||||||||||
| How dangerous for the environment – air pollution caused by cars (Q14a)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Perceived behavioral control (α = 0.58, ω = 0.58) | ||||||||||
| To do about the environment: too difficult (Q13a)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| No point unless others do the same (Q13d)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Intentions/Willingness to sacrifice (α = 0.84, ω = 0.85) | ||||||||||
| Protect the environment: pay much higher prices (Q12a)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Protect the environment: pay much higher taxes (Q12b)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Protect the environment: cut your standard of living (Q12c)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Recycling (/) | ||||||||||
| Effort: sort glass for recycling (Q20a)2 | 9,710 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
| Refraining from driving (/) | ||||||||||
| Cut back on driving a car for environmental reasons (Q20c)2 | 9,710 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
| Environmental citizenship (Oreg and Katz-Gerro, 2006) (α = 0.53, ω = 0.58) | ||||||||||
| Last five years: signed a petition (Q22a)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Last five years: given money to an environmental group (Q22b)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Last five years: taken part in a protest demonstration (Q22c)2 | 9,710 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Saving natural resources (α = 0.71, ω = 0.73) | ||||||||||
| Effort: sort glass for recycling (Q20a)2 | 9,710 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Cut back on driving a car for environmental reasons (Q20c)2 | 9,710 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Reduce the energy or fuel at home for environmental reasons (Q20d)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Save or reuse water for environmental reasons (Q20e)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Green purchasing (α = 0.61, ω = 0.3) | ||||||||||
| Buying fruit and vegetables without pesticides or chemicals (Q20b)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Avoid buying certain products for environmental reasons (Q20f)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Environmental activism (α = 0.61, ω = 0.64) | ||||||||||
| Member of a group to preserve the environment (Q21)2 | 9,710 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Last five years: signed a petition (Q22a)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Last five years: given money to an environmental group (Q22b)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Last five years: taken part in a protest demonstration (Q22c)2 | 9,710 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Construct | Variable | Mean | St. dev | Min | Max | Included in models4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universalism (UN)1 – based on questions regarding human values: important that people are treated equally and have equal opportunities; important to understand different people; important to care for nature and environment | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.616 | 2.667 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Self-direction (SD)1 – based on questions regarding human values: important to think new ideas and being creative; important to make own decisions and be free | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.8 | −2.905 | 3.333 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Highest priority in country: give people a greater say in important environmental decisions (Q3a/2)2 and highest priority in country: protect freedom of speech (Q3a/4)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
| Harmony3: fitting into the social and natural world, trying to appreciate and accept rather than to change, direct or exploit | 9,710 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 3.280 | 4.620 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Benevolence (BE)1 – based on questions regarding human values: important to help people and care for others well-being; important to be loyal to friends and devote to people close | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.7 | −2.429 | 2.905 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Worry about future environment (Q10a)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Worry: progress harming the environment (Q10c)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – air pollution caused by industry (Q14b)2 | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – pesticides and chemicals used in farming (Q14c)2 | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – a rise in world temperatures caused by climate change (Q14e)2 | 9.710 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – modifying the genes of certain crops (Q14f)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – nuclear power stations (Q14g)2 | 9,710 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| How dangerous for the environment – air pollution caused by cars (Q14a)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| To do about the environment: too difficult (Q13a)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| No point unless others do the same (Q13d)2 | 9,710 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Protect the environment: pay much higher prices (Q12a)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Protect the environment: pay much higher taxes (Q12b)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Protect the environment: cut your standard of living (Q12c)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Effort: sort glass for recycling (Q20a)2 | 9,710 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
| Cut back on driving a car for environmental reasons (Q20c)2 | 9,710 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||
| Last five years: signed a petition (Q22a)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Last five years: given money to an environmental group (Q22b)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Last five years: taken part in a protest demonstration (Q22c)2 | 9,710 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Effort: sort glass for recycling (Q20a)2 | 9,710 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Cut back on driving a car for environmental reasons (Q20c)2 | 9,710 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Reduce the energy or fuel at home for environmental reasons (Q20d)2 | 9,710 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Save or reuse water for environmental reasons (Q20e)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Buying fruit and vegetables without pesticides or chemicals (Q20b)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Avoid buying certain products for environmental reasons (Q20f)2 | 9,710 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Member of a group to preserve the environment (Q21)2 | 9,710 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Last five years: signed a petition (Q22a)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Last five years: given money to an environmental group (Q22b)2 | 9,710 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
| Last five years: taken part in a protest demonstration (Q22c)2 | 9,710 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 4 | ||||
Note(s): 1 Source: ESS. 2 Source: ISSP. 3 Source: Schwartz (2008). 4 The number indicates in which of model 1–model 4, the variable is included. Statistical units are individuals. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω values are shown in parentheses. For a detailed description of the variables, see the ISSP and ESS websites
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