Table 1 High performance adaptive façade... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

High performance adaptive façade system models

Adaptive façade system	Description	Reference
Active façades (ACFs)	Comprising integrated components that self-adjust to changes commenced by the internal or external building environments, accomplishing comfort conditions whereas minimizing energy consumptions	Ochoa and Capeluto (2008) and Romano et al. (2018)
Advanced façades (ADFs)	Outer, weather-protecting layer of a building that can provide heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting requirements and support interior comfort through efficient, energy saving measures	Van der Aa et al. (2011) and Romano et al. (2018)
Biomimetic or bio-inspired saçades (BIFs)	Phototropism (i.e. changing in response to light) and heliotropism (i.e. changing in response to the sun) utilized in the climate adaptive building shells concepts that facilitate the active collection or rejection of solar energy	Vermillion (2002), Loonen et al. (2015) and Romano et al. (2018)
Kinetic Façades (KFs)	Involving a particular type of motion and being able to guarantee variable locations or mobility and/or variable geometry to all or one of its parts and designating an organism's response to a specific kind of stimulus in biology and an ability to control energy in its primary arrangements: visible light and heat	De Marco Werner (2013), Loonen (2010), Fox and Yeh (1999), Wang et al. (2012), Fortmeyer and Linn (2014) and Romano et al. (2018)
Intelligent façades (ITFs)	Responding to climatic changes through the automatic reconfiguration of its systems, changing itself through “instinctive autonomic adjustment”, optimizing the integrated building's systems relative to climate, energy balance and human comfort, typically based on predictive models	Knaack and Klein (2008), Masri (2015) and Velikov and Thün (2013)
Interactive façades (IRFs)	Requiring human input to initiate a response, equipped with sensors and an automated building management system and programmed to optimize energy conservation whereas concurrently ensuring the comfort of its residents	Velikov and Thün (2013) and Romano et al. (2018)
Movable façades (MFs)	Rapidly adapting to the environmental conditions and location, the opening elements as separate parts of adaptable enclosures are equipped with photovoltaic elements tracking and following the position of the sun and producing renewable energy	Schumacher et al. (2010) and Romano et al. (2018)
Responsive façades (RFs)	Utilizing sensor networks and actuators to monitor the environment and automate control of operable building elements, moveable, operable, manually controlled elements of buildings, assist in sustaining a proper balance between optimum interior conditions and energy performance by reacting in a controlled and holistic manner to outdoor and indoor environment changes and to occupants' requirements and also including interactive features such as computational algorithms allowing the building system to self-adjust and learn over time	Meagher (2015), Heiselberg et al. (2006), Kolodziej and Rak (2013), Velikov and Thün (2013) and Romano et al. (2018)
Smart façades (SMFs)	Modifying the physical geometric features to adapt to changes in their environment by utilization of dynamic solar screenings, positioned as a second skin on new and existing buildings	Velikov and Thün (2013), Brugnaro et al. (2014) and Romano et al. (2018)
Switchable façades (SWF)	Integrating smart glasses and smart adaptive materials to control light and energy flows through glass façades	Beevor (2010) and Romano et al. (2018)
Transformable façades (TF)	Efficiently tuned to climatic conditions, different locations, changing operational needs or emergency circumstances from a compact to an expanded process and consisting of controlled, secure movements and resulting in a rigid structure	Chloë (2016) and Romano et al. (2018)

Adaptive façade system	Description	Reference
Active façades (ACFs)	Comprising integrated components that self-adjust to changes commenced by the internal or external building environments, accomplishing comfort conditions whereas minimizing energy consumptions	Ochoa and Capeluto (2008) and Romano et al. (2018)
Advanced façades (ADFs)	Outer, weather-protecting layer of a building that can provide heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting requirements and support interior comfort through efficient, energy saving measures	Van der Aa et al. (2011) and Romano et al. (2018)
Biomimetic or bio-inspired saçades (BIFs)	Phototropism (i.e. changing in response to light) and heliotropism (i.e. changing in response to the sun) utilized in the climate adaptive building shells concepts that facilitate the active collection or rejection of solar energy	Vermillion (2002), Loonen et al. (2015) and Romano et al. (2018)
Kinetic Façades (KFs)	Involving a particular type of motion and being able to guarantee variable locations or mobility and/or variable geometry to all or one of its parts and designating an organism's response to a specific kind of stimulus in biology and an ability to control energy in its primary arrangements: visible light and heat	De Marco Werner (2013), Loonen (2010), Fox and Yeh (1999), Wang et al. (2012), Fortmeyer and Linn (2014) and Romano et al. (2018)
Intelligent façades (ITFs)	Responding to climatic changes through the automatic reconfiguration of its systems, changing itself through “instinctive autonomic adjustment”, optimizing the integrated building's systems relative to climate, energy balance and human comfort, typically based on predictive models	Knaack and Klein (2008), Masri (2015) and Velikov and Thün (2013)
Interactive façades (IRFs)	Requiring human input to initiate a response, equipped with sensors and an automated building management system and programmed to optimize energy conservation whereas concurrently ensuring the comfort of its residents	Velikov and Thün (2013) and Romano et al. (2018)
Movable façades (MFs)	Rapidly adapting to the environmental conditions and location, the opening elements as separate parts of adaptable enclosures are equipped with photovoltaic elements tracking and following the position of the sun and producing renewable energy	Schumacher et al. (2010) and Romano et al. (2018)
Responsive façades (RFs)	Utilizing sensor networks and actuators to monitor the environment and automate control of operable building elements, moveable, operable, manually controlled elements of buildings, assist in sustaining a proper balance between optimum interior conditions and energy performance by reacting in a controlled and holistic manner to outdoor and indoor environment changes and to occupants' requirements and also including interactive features such as computational algorithms allowing the building system to self-adjust and learn over time	Meagher (2015), Heiselberg et al. (2006), Kolodziej and Rak (2013), Velikov and Thün (2013) and Romano et al. (2018)
Smart façades (SMFs)	Modifying the physical geometric features to adapt to changes in their environment by utilization of dynamic solar screenings, positioned as a second skin on new and existing buildings	Velikov and Thün (2013), Brugnaro et al. (2014) and Romano et al. (2018)
Switchable façades (SWF)	Integrating smart glasses and smart adaptive materials to control light and energy flows through glass façades	Beevor (2010) and Romano et al. (2018)
Transformable façades (TF)	Efficiently tuned to climatic conditions, different locations, changing operational needs or emergency circumstances from a compact to an expanded process and consisting of controlled, secure movements and resulting in a rigid structure	Chloë (2016) and Romano et al. (2018)