The kinds of chemical cracking reactions of aviation kerosene proposed based on present literature
| Authors (Year) | Reaction steps | Chemical cracking reactions | Measurement conditions | Activation energy Ea, kcal/mol (kJ/mol) | A factor A, s−1 | (%) conversion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ward et al. (2004) | 1-step (19-species) | C10H22→0.151 H2 + 0.143 CH4 + 0.256 C2H4 + 0.126 C2H6 + 0.230 C3H6 + 0.180 C3H8 + 0.196 C4H8 + 0.102 C4H10 + 0.171 C5H10 + 0.124 C5H12 + 0.195 C6H12 + 0.089 C6H14 + 0.169 C7H14 + 0.072 C7H16 + 0.152 C8H16 + 0.012 C8H18 + 0.053 C9H18 + 0.003 C9H20 | p = 3.45 MPa, T = 773-873 K. | 63 (263.34) | 2.1 × 1015 | < 20% |
| Adopted by others | Bao et al. (2014), Zhao et al. (2018), Tao et al. (2018a), Lei et al. (2020) | |||||
| Ward et al. (2005) | 1-step (18-species) | C10H22→0.153 CH4 + 0.222 C2H4 + 0.138 C2H6 + 0.2 C3H6 + 0.185 C3H8 + 0.171 C4H8 + 0.118 C4H10 + 0.149 C5H10 + 0.137 C5H12 + 0.17 C6H12 + 0.106 C6H14 + 0.147 C7H14 + 0.091 C7H16 + 0.132 C8H16 + 0.04 C8H18 + 0.046 C9H18 + 0.031 C9H20 | p = 3.45-11.38 MPa, T = 823-873 K. | 63 (263.34) | 1.6 × 1015 | < 35% |
| Adopted by others | Sun et al. (2018a) | |||||
| Dahm et al. (2004) | 1175-steps (175-species) | 1175 reactions of n-dodecane using EXGAS software, it is difficult to couple detailed kinetic models with CFD code | p = 0.1 MPa, T = 950, 1000, 1050 K. | -- | -- | -- |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Herbinet et al. (2007) | 1449-steps (271-species) | 1449 reactions of n-dodecane using EXGAS software, it is difficult to couple detailed kinetic models with CFD code | p = 0.1 MPa, T = 500-1500 K. | -- | -- | -- |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Xing et al. (2009) | 1-step | -- | p =2.0-3.9 MPa T = 663–703 K. | 66.99 (280 ± 6.5) | log A = 19.3 ± 0.5 | -- |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Zhong et al. (2009b) | 1-step (18-species) | -- | p = 3.5–4.5 MPa, T = 700–1100 K. | 67.5 (282.15) | 7.2 × 1010 | -- |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Jiang et al. (2013) | 24-steps (18-species) | Primary reaction: HF-I (C11.85H23.82 )→0.1086 H2 + 0.4773 CH4 + 0.5586 C2H4 + 0.39 C2H6 + 0.41 C3H6 + 0.2001 C3H8 + 0.2246 C4H8 + 0.0353 C4H10 + 0.031 C4H6 + 0.7201 C5+ + 0.27 CC5+ + 0.0222 CnH2n-6 | p = 5 MPa, T = 953–973 K. | 52.13 (217.9) | 2.869 × 1014 | < 86% |
| Adopted by others | Zhao et al. (2015), Zhang et al. (2015), Xu and Meng (2015a), Jing et al. (2018), | |||||
| Hou et al. (2013) | 1-step (9-species) | C12H23→0.16 H2 + CH4 + 0.58 C2H6 + 0.43 C2H4 + 0.42 C3H6 + 0.28 C3H8 + 0.25 C4H8 + 0.84 C7H8 | p = 1–3 MPa, T = 780–988 K. | 63 (263.34) | 2.1 × 1015 | -- |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Ruan et al. (2014) | 1-step (12-species) | C10H22→0.153 CH4 + 0.222 C2H4 + 0.138 C2H6 + 0.200 C3H6 + 0.185 C3H8 + 0.171 C4H8 + 0.118 C4H10 + 0.149 C5H10 + 0.137 C5H12 + 0.630 C6H12 + 0.268 C6H14 | -- | 63 (263.34) | 1.6 × 1015 | -- |
| Adopted by others | Sun et al. (2018b). | |||||
| Zhu et al. (2014) | 1-step (18-species) | C10H22→0.0170 H2 + 0.1827 CH4 + 0.1980 C2H4 + 0.1327 C2H6 + 0.0566 C3H6 + 0.0372 C3H8 + 0.0135 C4H8 + 0.0048 C4H10 + 0.2015 C5H10 + 0.1167 C5H12 + 0.3033 C6H12 + 0.0735 C6H14 + 0.2611 C7H14 + 0.0684 C7H16 + 0.2209 C8H16 + 0.0130 C8H18 + 0.0817 C9H18 + 0.0040 C9H20 | p = 4.2–5.3 MPa, T = 860–910 K. | 63 (263.34) | 1.6 × 1015 | < 13% |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Zhou et al. (2017) | 1-step (11-species) | C10H22→0.31 CH4 + 0.46 C2H6 + 0.89 C2H4 + 0.17 C3H8 + 0.37 C3H6 + 0.05 C4H10 + 0.09 C4H8 + 0.04 C4H6 + 0.07 H2 + 0.77 C5+ | p = 3.5–4.0 MPa, T = 880–890 K. | 64.3 (268.774) | 1.75 × 1015 | < 12% |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Wang et al. (2017) | 22-steps (16-species) | C10H22→0.044 H2 + 0.186 CH4 + 0.321 C2H4 + 0.286 C2H6 + 0.212 C3H6 + 0.166 C3H8 + 0.040 C4H8 + 0.026 C4H10 + 0.004 C4H6 + 0.813 C5+ + 0.001 CnH2n-6 | p = 4.0 MPa, T = 753–993 K. | 59.4 (248.292) | 6.209 × 1015 | < 93% |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Jiao et al. (Jiao et al., 2018) (2018) | 15-steps (12-species) | Primary reaction: C10H22→0.01047 H2 + 0.20441 CH4 + 0.33964 C2H6 + 0.5222 C2H4 + 0.2752 C3H8 + 0.3722 C3H6 + 0.13114 C4H10 + 0.39672 C4H8 + 0.62688 C4+ | p = 3–5 MPa, T = 943.15–923.52 K. | 58.54 (244.71) | 3 MPa: 4.52 × 1015, 4 MPa: 5.22 × 1015, 5 MPa: 5.69 × 1015 | < 15% |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Li et al. (2019b) | 11-steps (16-species) | Primary reaction: HF-I (C11.85H23.82 )→0.07336 H2 + 0.4710 CH4 + 0.2981 C2H4 + 0.4174 C2H6 + 0.3287 C3H6 + 0.2483 C3H8 + 0.3007 C4H8 + 0.1646 C4H10 + 0.0331 C4H6 + 0.6411 C5 + 0.243 CC5 + 0.05308 CnH2n-6 | p = 3.5 MPa, T = 798–973 K. | 56.6 (236.6) | 1.223 × 1014 | < 70% |
| Adopted by others | None | |||||
| Authors (Year) | Reaction steps | Chemical cracking reactions | Measurement conditions | Activation energy Ea, | A factor A, s−1 | (%) conversion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-step | 63 | 2.1 × 1015 | < 20% | |||
| 1-step | 63 | 1.6 × 1015 | < 35% | |||
| 1175-steps | 1175 reactions of n-dodecane using EXGAS software, it is difficult to couple detailed kinetic models with CFD code | -- | -- | -- | ||
| None | ||||||
| 1449-steps | 1449 reactions of n-dodecane using EXGAS software, it is difficult to couple detailed kinetic models with CFD code | -- | -- | -- | ||
| None | ||||||
| 1-step | -- | 66.99 | log A = 19.3 ± 0.5 | -- | ||
| None | ||||||
| 1-step | -- | 67.5 | 7.2 × 1010 | -- | ||
| None | ||||||
| 24-steps | 52.13 | 2.869 × 1014 | < 86% | |||
| 1-step | 63 | 2.1 × 1015 | -- | |||
| None | ||||||
| 1-step | -- | 63 | 1.6 × 1015 | -- | ||
| 1-step | 63 | 1.6 × 1015 | < 13% | |||
| None | ||||||
| 1-step | 64.3 | 1.75 × 1015 | < 12% | |||
| None | ||||||
| 22-steps | 59.4 | 6.209 × 1015 | < 93% | |||
| None | ||||||
| Jiao | 15-steps | 58.54 | 3 MPa: 4.52 × 1015, | < 15% | ||
| None | ||||||
| 11-steps | 56.6 | 1.223 × 1014 | < 70% | |||
| None | ||||||
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