| Water | Water insecurity | Unsustainable accessibility to acceptable quality water sources; women and girls face climate water scarcity for their specific needs in drought season; severity and frequency of contamination of local water sources | UN Water (2010), UNFCCC (2017); Figueiredo and Perkins (2013), WHO (2014); Howard et al. (2016) |
| Water collection labour | Water collection labour among women and girls in family |
| Groundwater dependency | Women’s dependency on groundwater for personal and family’s needs (drinking, cooking, irrigation, sanitation and hygiene) and subsistence |
| Land | Arable land scarcity | Women-headed families own little to no farming land | Stuart et al. (2020), Chanana-Nag and Aggarwal (2020); World Economic Forum (2021) |
| Disaster-prone land area | Arable land area susceptible to saline intrusion, droughts, flooding, etc. |
| Geophysical disasters | Geophysical risk of landslides, land subsidence, earthquakes, geomagnetic storms, etc. |
| Climate | Climate extremes | Severity and frequency of droughts, flood events and extreme heat events that cause loss of crops, damage to ecosystems and property, etc. | WHO (2014), Whyte (2014); UNFCCC (2019a); IUCN (2015), Denton (2010); Boetto and McKinnon (2013), Quang (2021) |
| Climate-related illnesses | Climate hazards and unfavourable weather conditions cause negative impacts of women’s health |
| Climate-sensitive diseases | Rising temperatures and other climate change effects fuel and facilitate the outbreaks of many infectious diseases to which rural women are susceptible given their outdoor daily work |
| Ecology | Biodiversity loss | Reduced forest coverage and health of local forests or ecosystems (wetlands, forests, coral reefs, river ecosystem, etc.) | Kristjanson (2019); Fortnam et al. (2019), Stuart et al. (2020); Nature Climate Change (2019) |
| Degraded ecosystem services | Contribution of local biodiversity reserves to local gross domestic product |
| Eco gender gap | Discrimination against women in ecosystem services and in biodiversity conservation |