Table 3 The evaluation of GB risks Code...

Table 3

The evaluation of GB risks

Code	Risk factors	Mean	SD	Rank	References
D	Feasibility and design phase
D.Law	Law and policies risk
D1	Change in local regulations/governmental policies that affect the implementation of GB projects	3.70	1.23	32	[3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11]
D2	Bureaucracy of authorities	3.41	1.14	48	[2, 8, 11]
D3	Complex planning approval and permit procedures	3.73	1.17	30	[1, 7]
D4	The regulations on duties, powers and dispute resolution in GB projects design contracts are unclear	3.68	1.02	34	[1, 2, 9, 10]
D.Fin	Financial – Cost risk
D5	Price inflation of construction materials and labor	3.65	1.02	36	[1–3, 5, 7–11]
D6	Lack of accurate estimation of investment and long-term return in GB projects	4.12	0.84	3	[7, 8, 10, 12]
D7	The payback period may be longer than conventional projects	3.63	1.01	37	[4, 5, 17]
D8	Underestimation of initial investment cost	3.98	0.89	12	[2, 4, 7]
D9	Fluctuation in exchange rates due to the import of green materials	3.19	1.04	53	[1–3, 7, 10, 11]
D.Man	Management risk
D10	Delay in decision-making	3.77	0.89	27	[1]
D11	Unrealistic green objectives of GB projects	3.68	0.95	35	[2, 3, 9]
D12	Unclear responsibility of stakeholders in achieving green certification	3.82	0.92	23	[8]
D13	Late involvement of GB consultants in the design phase	4.26	0.81	2	Expert
D14	Delay caused by frequent meetings with green consultants	3.48	1.00	43	[3, 11]
D.Human	Human resource risk
D15	Project team lack experience in GB design management	4.06	0.84	7	[1, 6, 11]
D16	Inefficient communication and coordination among stakeholders, especially between GB consultants and other parties	4.11	0.82	4	[1, 2, 5, 7]
D17	Lack of experienced GB designers	4.11	0.81	5	[4–9, 11]
D18	Owners lack determination as implementing GB projects	4.43	0.71	1	Expert
D.Tech	Technical/Quality risk
D19	Unclear green requirements of owners	3.99	0.86	10	[1–3, 7, 10, 11]
D20	Insufficient construction site investigation leads to green design not tailored to local conditions	3.82	0.95	23	[7, 8]
D21	Inappropriate interventions from owners in adopting green ideas	3.92	0.88	15	[1–3, 11]
D22	Lack of reliable simulation tools to support the decision-making in GB projects	3.86	0.97	18	Expert
D23	Unpractical green design ideas due to excessive creativity compared to conventional design	3.59	1.04	39	Expert
C	Construction phase
C.Legal	Legal risk
C1	Conditions for resolving disputes, claims and litigation in GB construction contracts are unclear	3.45	1.06	46	[1–3, 9]
C2	Difficulty in comprehending green specifications in contract details	3.50	0.96	41	[3]
C3	Delay payments on the contract	3.45	1.10	47	[1, 5, 7]
C.Fin	Financial/Cost risk
C4	Labor and materials price fluctuations	3.35	0.98	49	[1, 10, 11]
C5	Difficulties in project budgeting due to unfamiliarity with GB projects	3.75	0.91	29	[3, 11]
C6	High costs of sustainable materials and equipment	3.77	0.92	26	[3–4, 8, 11]
C.Man	Management risk
C7	Poor communication among projects stakeholders in the construction process of GB projects	3.85	0.91	19	[1, 5, 7]
C8	Difficulty in the selection of contractors providing GB construction services	3.61	0.95	38	[4, 6, 7, 11]
C9	Slow approval processes due to sustainable specifications	3.50	0.94	42	[1, 4, 7]
C.Tech	Technical/Quality risk
C10	Detail design/green specifications are unclear or possible errors	3.78	0.90	25	[1–3, 11]
C11	Design changes during the construction phase	3.97	0.88	13	[1, 3–5, 11]
C12	Improper quality control process for GB projects	3.76	1.02	28	[3, 7, 10, 11]
C13	Unfamiliarity with green materials and construction process	3.57	0.94	40	[2]
C14	Delay caused by the green construction process	3.34	1.00	50	[4, 5, 8]
C.Human	Human resource risk
C15	Unskilled workers about GB construction	3.26	1.12	52	[1–8, 11]
C16	Lack experts have experience and qualified in GB projects	3.99	0.96	9	[1–4, 7, 8, 11, 13]
C17	Lack of experience of contractors/subcontractors in GB construction	3.69	1.05	33	[1, 2, 4–9, 11]
C18	The project team lacks experience in the construction management of GB projects	3.95	0.91	14	[8, 9, 11]
C.Safe	Safety and environmental risk
C19	Construction accidents in GB sites	3.47	1.29	45	[1, 3, 9, 10, 13]
C20	Strict safety and health regulations in GB sites	3.33	1.12	51	[1, 2, 6]
C21	High demand for environmental protection in GB sites	3.48	1.09	44	[2, 6–8]
C.Mate	Material and equipment risk
C22	Green material quality problems	3.82	0.91	23	[1, 4, 5, 9]
C23	A limited supply of green materials and products	3.91	0.89	16	[1–5, 7–12]
C24	No general standards for testing the quality and origin of green materials	3.73	0.95	31	Expert
O	Hand-over and operation phase
O.Man	Management risk
O1	The project certificate result does not reach the expected GB standard	4.10	0.88	6	[4–8, 11]
O2	The lack of cooperation among the parties involved in the GB trial operation stage	3.88	0.88	17	[8]
O3	Lack of experienced management agency in the operation phase	3.84	0.95	20	[7–9]
O.Tech	Technical/Quality risk
O4	The performance of green solutions is not achieved as the original goal	4.03	0.92	8	[2, 5–8, 12]
O5	Lack of adequate GB maintenance	3.99	0.86	11	[7, 8]
O6	Difficulties in operating green solutions	3.84	0.90	21	[4], expert

Code	Risk factors	Mean	SD	Rank	References
D	Feasibility and design phase
D.Law	Law and policies risk
D1	Change in local regulations/governmental policies that affect the implementation of GB projects	3.70	1.23	32	[3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11]
D2	Bureaucracy of authorities	3.41	1.14	48	[2, 8, 11]
D3	Complex planning approval and permit procedures	3.73	1.17	30	[1, 7]
D4	The regulations on duties, powers and dispute resolution in GB projects design contracts are unclear	3.68	1.02	34	[1, 2, 9, 10]
D.Fin	Financial – Cost risk
D5	Price inflation of construction materials and labor	3.65	1.02	36	[1–3, 5, 7–11]
D6	Lack of accurate estimation of investment and long-term return in GB projects	4.12	0.84	3	[7, 8, 10, 12]
D7	The payback period may be longer than conventional projects	3.63	1.01	37	[4, 5, 17]
D8	Underestimation of initial investment cost	3.98	0.89	12	[2, 4, 7]
D9	Fluctuation in exchange rates due to the import of green materials	3.19	1.04	53	[1–3, 7, 10, 11]
D.Man	Management risk
D10	Delay in decision-making	3.77	0.89	27	[1]
D11	Unrealistic green objectives of GB projects	3.68	0.95	35	[2, 3, 9]
D12	Unclear responsibility of stakeholders in achieving green certification	3.82	0.92	23	[8]
D13	Late involvement of GB consultants in the design phase	4.26	0.81	2	Expert
D14	Delay caused by frequent meetings with green consultants	3.48	1.00	43	[3, 11]
D.Human	Human resource risk
D15	Project team lack experience in GB design management	4.06	0.84	7	[1, 6, 11]
D16	Inefficient communication and coordination among stakeholders, especially between GB consultants and other parties	4.11	0.82	4	[1, 2, 5, 7]
D17	Lack of experienced GB designers	4.11	0.81	5	[4–9, 11]
D18	Owners lack determination as implementing GB projects	4.43	0.71	1	Expert
D.Tech	Technical/Quality risk
D19	Unclear green requirements of owners	3.99	0.86	10	[1–3, 7, 10, 11]
D20	Insufficient construction site investigation leads to green design not tailored to local conditions	3.82	0.95	23	[7, 8]
D21	Inappropriate interventions from owners in adopting green ideas	3.92	0.88	15	[1–3, 11]
D22	Lack of reliable simulation tools to support the decision-making in GB projects	3.86	0.97	18	Expert
D23	Unpractical green design ideas due to excessive creativity compared to conventional design	3.59	1.04	39	Expert
C	Construction phase
C.Legal	Legal risk
C1	Conditions for resolving disputes, claims and litigation in GB construction contracts are unclear	3.45	1.06	46	[1–3, 9]
C2	Difficulty in comprehending green specifications in contract details	3.50	0.96	41	[3]
C3	Delay payments on the contract	3.45	1.10	47	[1, 5, 7]
C.Fin	Financial/Cost risk
C4	Labor and materials price fluctuations	3.35	0.98	49	[1, 10, 11]
C5	Difficulties in project budgeting due to unfamiliarity with GB projects	3.75	0.91	29	[3, 11]
C6	High costs of sustainable materials and equipment	3.77	0.92	26	[3–4, 8, 11]
C.Man	Management risk
C7	Poor communication among projects stakeholders in the construction process of GB projects	3.85	0.91	19	[1, 5, 7]
C8	Difficulty in the selection of contractors providing GB construction services	3.61	0.95	38	[4, 6, 7, 11]
C9	Slow approval processes due to sustainable specifications	3.50	0.94	42	[1, 4, 7]
C.Tech	Technical/Quality risk
C10	Detail design/green specifications are unclear or possible errors	3.78	0.90	25	[1–3, 11]
C11	Design changes during the construction phase	3.97	0.88	13	[1, 3–5, 11]
C12	Improper quality control process for GB projects	3.76	1.02	28	[3, 7, 10, 11]
C13	Unfamiliarity with green materials and construction process	3.57	0.94	40	[2]
C14	Delay caused by the green construction process	3.34	1.00	50	[4, 5, 8]
C.Human	Human resource risk
C15	Unskilled workers about GB construction	3.26	1.12	52	[1–8, 11]
C16	Lack experts have experience and qualified in GB projects	3.99	0.96	9	[1–4, 7, 8, 11, 13]
C17	Lack of experience of contractors/subcontractors in GB construction	3.69	1.05	33	[1, 2, 4–9, 11]
C18	The project team lacks experience in the construction management of GB projects	3.95	0.91	14	[8, 9, 11]
C.Safe	Safety and environmental risk
C19	Construction accidents in GB sites	3.47	1.29	45	[1, 3, 9, 10, 13]
C20	Strict safety and health regulations in GB sites	3.33	1.12	51	[1, 2, 6]
C21	High demand for environmental protection in GB sites	3.48	1.09	44	[2, 6–8]
C.Mate	Material and equipment risk
C22	Green material quality problems	3.82	0.91	23	[1, 4, 5, 9]
C23	A limited supply of green materials and products	3.91	0.89	16	[1–5, 7–12]
C24	No general standards for testing the quality and origin of green materials	3.73	0.95	31	Expert
O	Hand-over and operation phase
O.Man	Management risk
O1	The project certificate result does not reach the expected GB standard	4.10	0.88	6	[4–8, 11]
O2	The lack of cooperation among the parties involved in the GB trial operation stage	3.88	0.88	17	[8]
O3	Lack of experienced management agency in the operation phase	3.84	0.95	20	[7–9]
O.Tech	Technical/Quality risk
O4	The performance of green solutions is not achieved as the original goal	4.03	0.92	8	[2, 5–8, 12]
O5	Lack of adequate GB maintenance	3.99	0.86	11	[7, 8]
O6	Difficulties in operating green solutions	3.84	0.90	21	[4], expert

Note(s): [1] Zhao et al. (2016); [2] Hwang et al. (2017a); [3] Hwang et al. (2017b); [4] Ismael and Shealy (2018); [5] Ranawaka and Mallawaarachchi (2018); [6] Yang et al. (2016); [7] Ahmad et al. (2019); [8] Qin et al. (2016); [9] Rafindadi et al. (2014); [10] Guan et al. (2020); [11] El-Sayegh et al. (2021); [12] Hwang et al. (2015)

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