Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Market competitiveness, R&D activities and innovation in the manufacturing and service sector

Manufacturing sector					Service sector
Variables	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation
Independent variable
Internal R&D activities	0.733***	0.212**	0.400***	0.164*	0.176*	0.328***	0.066	0.362***
Internal R&D activities	(0.078)	(0.084)	(0.095)	(0.095)	(0.101)	(0.099)	(0.119)	(0.117)
External R&D activities	−0.206**	0.281***	−0.125	0.181*	0.558***	0.005	0.284*	0.106
External R&D activities	(0.090)	(0.096)	(0.109)	(0.109)	(0.130)	(0.127)	(0.153)	(0.150)
Market competitiveness variables
Strong competition from abroad	0.079***	0.033	0.115***	0.054**	−0.021	0.005	0.017	0.004
Strong competition from abroad	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Outdated product and service	0.057***	−0.020	0.045*	0.039*	0.099***	0.053**	0.122***	0.143***
Outdated product and service	(0.019)	(0.020)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Interaction variables
Outdated product × Internal R&D activities	0.016	0.048	−0.036	0.017	0.243**	0.017	0.063	−0.137
Outdated product × Internal R&D activities	(0.050)	(0.053)	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.097)	(0.096)	(0.115)	(0.113)
Outdated product × External R&D activities	0.119*	−0.007	0.098	−0.137*	−0.261**	0.138	−0.106	0.041
Outdated product × External R&D activities	(0.062)	(0.066)	(0.075)	(0.075)	(0.130)	(0.127)	(0.153)	(0.150)
Competition from abroad × Internal R&D activities	−0.175**	0.029	−0.234***	0.018	0.176***	0.025	0.119	−0.008
Competition from abroad × Internal R&D activities	(0.068)	(0.073)	(0.083)	(0.083)	(0.064)	(0.063)	(0.075)	(0.074)
Competition from abroad × External R&D activities	0.219***	−0.150*	0.214**	−0.045	−0.190**	−0.068	−0.163	−0.117
Competition from abroad × External R&D activities	(0.084)	(0.090)	(0.102)	(0.102)	(0.092)	(0.090)	(0.108)	(0.106)
Control variables
Firm size	−0.003	0.034***	0.012*	0.042***	0.011*	0.031***	0.023***	0.056***
Firm size	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Market share top selling product/services	0.040**	−0.020	0.042**	0.044**	0.026	0.024	0.103***	0.083***
Market share top selling product/services	(0.016)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.024)
Constant	0.049**	0.013	0.079***	0.019	0.063**	−0.010	0.057*	−0.043
Constant	(0.022)	(0.024)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.030)	(0.029)
Lambda	−0.180***	0.039	−0.049	−0.025	0.102*	0.049	0.128*	−0.134*
Lambda	(0.048)	(0.054)	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.062)	(0.061)	(0.072)	(0.071)
Rho	−0.50246	0.10259	−0.11296	−0.05848	0.28547	0.13939	0.30202	−0.32227
Sigma	0.35778248	0.38189408	0.43531676	0.43313556	0.35891436	0.35196908	0.42242179	0.41516718
Wald χ² (19)	1658.23	537.50	300.91	314.44	646.76	322.72	174.66	248.63
Prob > χ²	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
Observations	2,269	2,269	2,269	2,269	1,468	1,468	1,468	1,468

Manufacturing sector					Service sector
Variables	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation
Independent variable
Internal R&D activities	0.733***	0.212**	0.400***	0.164*	0.176*	0.328***	0.066	0.362***
Internal R&D activities	(0.078)	(0.084)	(0.095)	(0.095)	(0.101)	(0.099)	(0.119)	(0.117)
External R&D activities	−0.206**	0.281***	−0.125	0.181*	0.558***	0.005	0.284*	0.106
External R&D activities	(0.090)	(0.096)	(0.109)	(0.109)	(0.130)	(0.127)	(0.153)	(0.150)
Market competitiveness variables
Strong competition from abroad	0.079***	0.033	0.115***	0.054**	−0.021	0.005	0.017	0.004
Strong competition from abroad	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Outdated product and service	0.057***	−0.020	0.045*	0.039*	0.099***	0.053**	0.122***	0.143***
Outdated product and service	(0.019)	(0.020)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Interaction variables
Outdated product × Internal R&D activities	0.016	0.048	−0.036	0.017	0.243**	0.017	0.063	−0.137
Outdated product × Internal R&D activities	(0.050)	(0.053)	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.097)	(0.096)	(0.115)	(0.113)
Outdated product × External R&D activities	0.119*	−0.007	0.098	−0.137*	−0.261**	0.138	−0.106	0.041
Outdated product × External R&D activities	(0.062)	(0.066)	(0.075)	(0.075)	(0.130)	(0.127)	(0.153)	(0.150)
Competition from abroad × Internal R&D activities	−0.175**	0.029	−0.234***	0.018	0.176***	0.025	0.119	−0.008
Competition from abroad × Internal R&D activities	(0.068)	(0.073)	(0.083)	(0.083)	(0.064)	(0.063)	(0.075)	(0.074)
Competition from abroad × External R&D activities	0.219***	−0.150*	0.214**	−0.045	−0.190**	−0.068	−0.163	−0.117
Competition from abroad × External R&D activities	(0.084)	(0.090)	(0.102)	(0.102)	(0.092)	(0.090)	(0.108)	(0.106)
Control variables
Firm size	−0.003	0.034***	0.012*	0.042***	0.011*	0.031***	0.023***	0.056***
Firm size	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Market share top selling product/services	0.040**	−0.020	0.042**	0.044**	0.026	0.024	0.103***	0.083***
Market share top selling product/services	(0.016)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.024)
Constant	0.049**	0.013	0.079***	0.019	0.063**	−0.010	0.057*	−0.043
Constant	(0.022)	(0.024)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.030)	(0.029)
Lambda	−0.180***	0.039	−0.049	−0.025	0.102*	0.049	0.128*	−0.134*
Lambda	(0.048)	(0.054)	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.062)	(0.061)	(0.072)	(0.071)
Rho	−0.50246	0.10259	−0.11296	−0.05848	0.28547	0.13939	0.30202	−0.32227
Sigma	0.35778248	0.38189408	0.43531676	0.43313556	0.35891436	0.35196908	0.42242179	0.41516718
Wald χ² (19)	1658.23	537.50	300.91	314.44	646.76	322.72	174.66	248.63
Prob > χ²	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
Observations	2,269	2,269	2,269	2,269	1,468	1,468	1,468	1,468

Note(s): The select equation is included in the regression, but it is not stated in the table. Standard errors are in parentheses, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1

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